JA:Copyright Easter Eggs
地図における 著作権保護のためのイースターエッグ (Copyright Easter Egg) とは、地図の盗用を防ぎオリジナルの作者を明らかにするために、その地図を他と区別できるよう書き込まれた隠しメッセージ（イースターエッグ）のことです。具体的には、例えば実在しない地物をあえて記入するとか、地物の特徴を多少なりゆがませる、名前をわざと間違う、または通常と違うスペリングを使うなどの手法が用いられます。
このような特徴は、地図の著作権についての争いが生じたときに、地図の著作権者の主張を補強するために使われます。現実のものを反映していない、その地図のみに存在する特徴が盗用を疑われている被告の地図にも存在していれば、被告の地図が盗用であることがより証明しやすくなります。
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間違いとは異なるもの
イースターエッグと間違いは、似て非なるものです。
- Google マップ/Tele Atlas には、Cork 市の Camden Quay （カムデン埠頭）があるべき場所に Patrick's Hill があります。
- Google マップ/Tele Atlas は別の通り（Harbet 通り）の名前を Hatfield （ハットフィールド）の A1(M) 高速道路の一部につけています。この高速道路の反対車線には、Walthamstow Avenue （北部の環状線）の名前が入っています。これも明らかにおかしなことです。
- Vertex 記号。かつては、地図上にモールス信号を使って位置を示すための技術がありました。いくつかの会社は、地図上に描かれたものの縁に、点と線を表す一定の長さの破線を入れることで、言葉を書き入れています。一般的なアルゴリズムでこれを除去することは簡単ではありませんが、このようなものが存在することを知っているべきです。（訳注: ちゃんと訳し切れていません。原文: Vertices trick/mark. There used to be a trick for marking cartography using Morse code, spread across the vectors defining geometry of features some companies would place words along the edge of a feature represented by regular length segments representing dots and dashes, in fact nothing that can not be easily removed with the simplest generalization algorithm, but you had to know the marks were there.）
Catalog of Errorsも参照してください。
この件について OSM がどう考えるか
存在しない偽の地物を発見するのは非常に難しいものです。このようなものがどの程度存在するか、我々が把握することはできません。存在しない道、スペルミス、実際には存在しない幽霊教会などだけでなく、意図せず生じた間違いや、ちょっとした不正確さも著作権保護のためのトラップとして使われることがあります。OpenStreetMap としては、決して他の地図を参照したデータを入力しないようお願いします。 これは、そのような著作権トラップを踏まないためだけでなく、OSM の方針として他の地図を情報源にしないことを真摯に願っているからです。英国陸地測量部のような組織は、地図に著作権を設定しています。このような著作権を変えさせようというキャンペーン（'Free Our Data'）も存在しますが、OpenStreetMap はこの問題を回避するため、我々自身でオープンなライセンスの自由な地図を一から書き起こそうとしています。このプロジェクトは著作権トラップを避けて地図をコピーする練習ではありません。我々は一切コピーをせずに地図を作っています。これは我々が自らに課した挑戦です。
しかし、OSM のマッパーの中には、意図的に OSM データに誤りを紛れ込ませる人もいます。（User:80n による posting on legal-talk も参照してください。）しかし、これは OSM の方針に反しますし、このようなことは決して推奨されません。
ウソがある地図 (Printed Maps that "Lye")
ブリストルの A-Z 地図 A-Z Map of Bristol
右の図はブリストルの A-Z 地図のごく一部です。ブリストルに行って Canyge 広場のあたりを歩いてみると、地図の下の写真のように、路地があるはずの場所も小奇麗な家が並んでいるのを目にするでしょう。
ライ路地は索引にも載っていません。変だと思いますか？これがイースターエッグです。（これは "トラップストリート" とも呼ばれます。）つまり、もしあなたがこれを複製したら、それを著作権者が複製だと証明するために使えるように仕込んであるものです。そのような理由がなければ、実在しない通りをわざわざ地図に描く理由がありませんから。
Tele Atlas （グーグルマップにも使用されている）の例
- Moat Lane, Finchley, London N3. Tele Atlas （Googleマップで使用されている）にこの存在しない道路があります。郵便局の住所データ（訳注: イギリスでは通りの名前によって住所を表す）にもなく、バルトロマイによるものでも、個人的な経験に基づくものでもありません。
- Kerbela Street, Shrewsbury, England. Googleマップでソールスベリーの牧草地の農場の道を見ると、Kerbela Street が描かれていますが、これは実際にはこの場所にはなく、それどころか郵便局の住所録によると、ソールスベリーにはこのような名前の通りは存在しません。
- Torrington Place, Finchley, London N3, Arcadia Avenue N3 の終点にあるとされている場所です。Tele Atlas にはこの道が掲載されていますが、実際には存在しません。郵便局のデータにも実際に言ってみても存在しません。
- The Avenue, Finchley, London N3. Tele Atlas にはこの短い通りが完全に間違った角度で掲載されています。アパートの中を通りぬけていて、本当の場所から 60 m ほど離れた場所に描かれています。
- Warwick Road and Tudor Close - Sutton Coldfield shows up a good example of a Tele Atlas Easter egg. Or could it be that they planned to build the extension to Warwick Road and the Tudor Close spur but never did, in which case the detail for the map could have come from the planning stage. I'm not so sure though as the extension to Warwick runs through the back gardens of existing homes. Anyway, these roads don't exist in real life. Here is what the housing estate looks like on OSM as created from my GPX track.Blackadder 12:17, 3 Feb 2006 (GMT)
- Clapham Junction to Clapham Common a Tele Atlas Easter Egg showed a road running diagonal from the main intersection of Clapham Junction to Clapham Common, through several streets, rows of houses, and a department store. This easter egg was removed from Google maps at some point towards the end of 2006. The roads are now mapped on OSM.
- Oxygen Street doesn't exist in this part of Edinburgh
- Basildon Tele Atlas again: A couple of residential roads where the casual / unobservant visitor would be fooled into thinking they were in woodland with footpaths....--DrMark 13:18, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
- Zeuthen in Germany Attached to "Wiesenstraße" there are "Adolph-Menzel-Ring", "Otto-Nagel-Allee", "Max-Liebermann-Straße" and "Otto-Dix-Ring", none of which exist. These streets are inside a forest. Four different street names for an area as large as two houses. The real streets are north of these named "Straße" instead of "Ring" (which is also wrong). Maybe an data error, but large house numbers "all greater 100" indicate an Easter egg. Addition: Seems to be no error / Easter egg, as we have these streets also in OSM. Hmm, maybe a trap?
- Zeuthen in Germany shows this nice sandglass shaped street "Leipziger Platz". Actually these streets are and also have always been straight and with a footpath in between.
- There are (at least) two mistakes/easter eggs in the map of Hilden (Germany):
- Grünewaldstraße - There appears a sidestreet "Grünewaldstraße" south to the street named "Grünewald". As the housenumbers suggest, this "Grünewaldstraße" is in fact named "Grünewald", too. In addition, the German postal code lookup server does not recognise a "Grünewaldstraße" in Hilden.
- Schwannenplatz - The street "Schwanenplatz" is (deliberately?) wrongly named "Schwannenplatz". The funny point with this is, that Google itself suggests the right name :-)
- St. Helens, UK shows "Hobbs Place" noted on the map, but on the satellite imagery you can see the road doesn't actually exist.
- U.S. Highway 9
is routed along New Jersey Route 52, 9th Street, and County Routes 619 and 623 around Great Egg Harbor Bay. While this may be due to the fact that the Beesley's Point Bridge (the span to the left of the Garden State Parkway) is closed indefinitely, the fact is that US 9 has not been officially rerouted off of the closed bridge.Google has since moved the US 9 markings to the Garden State Parkway, which is an alternative to the closed Beesley's Point Bridge but is not the official route. CrystalWalrein 14:31, 7 July 2010 (UTC)
- Unknown Street, Karlsruhe is between Rheinstraße and Zietenstraße, running through two buildings.
- Rogaland, Norway: Wrongly named way In this map the part of Dublandsvegen which is secondary road is really called Opstadvegen. Also, many places Tele Atlas miss intersections or they have added where it shouldn't be. (Good motivation to make a better map here on OSM!)
- Bonn, Germany: Non-existing pathway. The "Galgenpfad" (german for "gallows-pathway", maybe some Tele Atlas joke?) does not exist (see blog post).
- Wrexham, UK. Allesley Street doesn't exist. Chrismorl 16:20, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
- Via Fabio Filzi, Mazara del Vallo (TP) - Italy. That road is at another place at all, correctly mapped in OSM, near the railway crossing.
- In Langenstein, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, there is a whole block of streets in a forest/on a mountain.
Ordnance Survey vs Automobile Association
Ordnance Survey Maps sued the Automobile Association for copying their maps and diffusing the results to individuals as well as to third party mappers. Some 26 maps from AA were proven in court to be more or less direct copies of OS maps, or to incorporate data from OS maps. The AA was fined almost million pounds for infringement of copyright. Subsequently, the AA agreed to an out-of-court settlement of £20 million as compensation for other instances of copyright infringement. Compared to this sum, the AA has an annual cash flow of about £30 million.
Road signs that lie
There are also cases where the street signs are incorrect, but the maps are correct. For instance, the B550from Highgate in London to Whetstone (according to official sources at the Department for Transport, and according to OS, Bartholomew, Tele Atlas and Mapquest Maps). There are road signs at the Colney Hatch intersection on the A406 North Circular Road that shows it as the B550 in one direction and B505 in another.
Anachronisms
A stretch of road in northern New Jersey is known and mapped as New Jersey Route 24 along County Routes 517, 513, and 510, although a freeway was built with that designation between I-78 and I-287, and in 1993 the old Route 24 ceased to exist, although resident resistance has kept the old Route 24 signs standing since they know the road as such.
More anachronisms are found in Port Norris, New Jersey, where Strawberry Avenue is marked as County Route 680, High Street is CR 631 and Ogden Avenue is CR 632. These designations were removed in the late 1980s when the oyster industry collapsed, but the signs remain and the roads are mapped as such. An error between the TIGER imports, Tele Atlas and Navteq is the designation of County Routes 649 and 633 as County Routes 15 and 33 (and CR 728 as 33B); these were designations set forth by Cumberland County until standardisation under the current county route system. CrystalWalrein 02:46, 20 October 2008 (UTC)
Digital Maps
Another class of Easter Eggs is implemented by digital map providers who do not want their map data compendiums copied. The lower bits of the geographic coordinates are mangled in some systematic way so that it would not be obvious to a user of the map, but could be used in a Copyright trial to show that the data had been copied.
For instance, if all the coordinates had a remainder of 3 when divided by seven, or were were all displaced from their real coordinates by some small but real offset. So don't use digital map coordinates from proprietary sources even if you were to compare every intersection and shape point on the map!
Paper streets
Another type of error is the "paper street", where the developer of a subdivision submitted a plat to the government, but never laid out all the streets. Many local maps will include these, since mapmakers often produce maps by referring to the plats. Even TIGER is full of these. This is not a copyright issue, but a problem with accuracy.
