JOSM/Linux
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Installing JOSM
The following distributions have JOSM available in their package libraries, however the maintenance of these packages may be some way behind the recent JOSM developments and bug fixes. In general JOSM requires a single jar file, and so downloading the latest version of this jar file (josm-tested.jar or even josm-latest.jar as linked from the JOSM page, can be the best way to work with a reasonably up-to-date version of the software) :
Fedora
Install from desktop: System->Administration->Add/Remove Software - type "josm" into search box & click Find. Click checkbox & then Apply.
Install from command line: $ yum install josm<CR> (Logged in as root or use sudo]
JOSM will then be installed & a launcher item put into the Aplications->Education menu
openSUSE
OpenSUSE Build Service has regularly updated builds at Applications:Geo. Installation via YaST, zypper or rpm.
Debian (includes Ubuntu)
Ubuntu users have a good tutorial at UbuntuForums.
There is a 'josm' package. This sets you up with a JOSM entry on the applications menu (under 'Education' for some reason), and installs a JOSM jar file to /usr/share/josm/josm.jar.
After installing the package you can update your version of JOSM by overwriting this file with a downloaded josm-tested.jar or josm-latest.jar, which you may well wish to do because...
The JOSM package can be a bit behind the times. At time of writing the package gives you JOSM version which is about five months old (version 3751, while josm-tested is at version 4279) You can see the history of maintenance of this debian package. Looks like it's mostly being done by David Paleino (User:Hanska)
There is also a 'josm-plugins' package containing a handful of plugins. These may also be old. If you want a fresh install without any plugins, you can untick this package and only install 'josm'. If you use JOSM's built in plugin manager to acquire newer plugins, then this may well result in prompts to update josm.
See also general OSM info about Ubuntu on the Ubuntu page.
Start JOSM
If you downloaded a jar file, you may be able to start JOSM by double-clicking it (in some GUI clicky file manager type app) But this is linux we're talking about. So...
To run JOSM from a terminal, type java -jar josm.jar.
If you installed JOSM via package, you may be able to simply use the josm command.
There are also some tutorial videos. One describes the steps to set up KDE for starting JOSM by clicking on the JAR file. Get the tutorials from one of the mirrors listed at openstreetmap.de.
You can use an update and startup script that backs up a number of old versions if the current one doesn't work as desired or you can use the following simple script to use always the latest Josm Version:
#!/bin/sh GPSDIR=/home/sven/Desktop/gps PROXY=www-proxy export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/java/jdk1.6.0_04/ DCOPREF=`kdialog --title "Hole JOSM" --progressbar "Hole JosmLatest" 100` cd $GPSDIR wget -N http://josm.openstreetmap.de/download/josm-latest.jar dcop "$DCOPREF" close $JAVA_HOME/bin/java -Xmx1024M -DproxyHost=$PROXY -DproxyPort=8080 -jar josm-latest.jar
Manually install JOSM plugins
Usually you don't need to install plugins manually! JOSM provides a plugin manager (under Edit/Preferences/Plugins) that makes it very easy to install plugins. If you do need to install manually...
Save plugin jar files in ~/.josm/plugins (e.g. /home/$USER/.josm/plugins/wmsplugin.jar)
A list of plugins is on the JOSM/Plugins page in this Wiki, and also in the JOSM Wiki.