Organised Editing/Activities/Solid Waste Mapping in Mogadishu

Introduction and Background

Waste is largely an urban problem that carries with it global consequences. It is a by-product of civilization linked to progress, urbanization, and economic development and is a “by-product of consumer-based lifestyles that drive much of the world’s economy”. Because waste needs much more time to dissolve than it takes for it to be produced, it is also one of the most important environmental and sustainability issues of our times.

Waste is closely tied to income. It is generally known that as the income of people increases so does the amount of waste that is generated. At the same time, the distribution of waste is not equal in all parts of the world. There are significant geographical disparities in production, composition and waste management in the world and even within cities. Informal settlements all over the world lack proper waste management systems leaving people in some places to literally live on waste. Waste is often dumped in the informal communities where it accumulates through time and represents a major health hazard to the citizens.

Waste management is almost always the responsibility of local governments and often represents one of the largest budget items, particularly in developing countries. Waste management and street sweeping is also often the city’s single largest source of employment as formal and informal waste management can represent between 1 and 5% of city employment.

While the government of Somalia regularly contracts private sector firms for solid waste management, and has witnessed some level of citizen mobilization and support, it still lacks the rigorous ability to regulate, monitor, improve and hold accountable all actors engaged in a systematic solid waste management response. In this context, the World Bank is supporting the Federal Government of Somalia through the Somalia Urban Resilience Project Phase II (SURP-II) to strengthen public service delivery capacity of local governments and increase access to urban infrastructure and services.

Unlike other service delivery sectors, SWM in Mogadishu is managed by the municipal government by contracting private operators for waste collection. In response to the evident need and gap in solid waste management data across the municipality of Mogadishu, the project Engaging Local Youth for Solid Waste Mapping in Mogadishu implemented by Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT), Spatial Collective and OSM Somalia (together, the Consortium) aim to capture and analyze high quality geographical data to understand and target future solid waste management improvements and inform more systemic service delivery and transport models for the transfer and end disposal of various waste products.

Working together as a consortium of equals, our response brings multiple years of experience building local capacity and resilient cities with open geospatial data and OpenStreetMap (OSM) within Somalia to identify formal and informal disposal sites in order to support solid waste management efforts in Mogadishu. The consortium combines HOT’s expertise gained from eleven years of work with international donors, with Spatial Collective and OSM Somalia’s regional and local presence, workspace, technology capacity, government relationships, and volunteer community for a robust response.

Project Objectives

The main objective of this project is to build local capacity to develop accurate, up-to-date information and insights that can support real-time decision making. This aims to affect the long-term policy and planning of the city, and with the integration of geospatial tools to translate data into meaningful action. Specifically, the objectives of this project include:

1. Create high quality geographic data and insights that will be used to understand the volume and distribution of solid waste sites (at both formal and informal disposal sites) in the city of Mogadishu.
2. Create employment opportunities for Somalia’s vulnerable youth by engaging them to collect data and equipping them with new GIS skill sets that they can use in the future to gain employment.
3. Provide learning opportunities on valuable digital skills and geospatial technology; specifically targeting youth who have lost income due to the COVID-19 mobility restrictions and political instability.

Expected Outputs

The main deliverables of this assignment will be:

1. Inception report which will include an overall methodology and detailed work plan/data collection strategy.
2. Updated basemap for Mogadishu in OSM with appropriate quality assurance and control
3. Mapping layer solid waste sites for Mogadishu with appropriate quality assurance and control
4. Maps, analysis and final report with visualizations of data collected and analyzed

Area of Interest

A map showing the 17 districts in Mogadishu city, Somalia

Imagery and Tools

Imagery

The aerial imagery used was a 2021 Maxar imagery provided by the World Bank. The imagery can be added to JOSM as a TMS using this link: https://mogadishu-tiles.hotosm.org/{zoom}/{x}/{-y}.png

Tools

Open source tools will be used through the process of remote mapping in OpenStreetMap to prepare datasets of Mogadishu that will be used to conduct field mapping in the 17 districts. The following tools will be used:

Remote Mapping

• OpenStreetMap: How to work with OSM and how to handle details of the OSM data model.
• HOT Tasking Manager: The Tasking Manager is a mapping tool designed and built for the Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team's collaborative mapping process in OpenStreetMap. The purpose of the tool is to divide up a mapping project into smaller tasks that can be completed rapidly with many people working on the same overall area. It shows which areas need to be mapped and which areas need the mapping validated. How to use the platform to select a task, how to edit, validate, and complete a task.
• JOSM: This online/offline tool supports loading GPX tracks, background imagery, data layers and OSM data from local sources as well as from online sources. It allows editing of OSM data (nodes, ways, and relations) and their metadata tags. How to load the imagery, update building geometries, use conflation plugins, run validation tools, and fix conflation errors.
• iD editor: Like JOSM, the iD editor is used to edit OpenStreetMap, with iD working directly in a web browser.

Field Mapping

Open Data Kit (ODK) Collect: ODK Collect is a free and open-source set of tools which help organizations to gather/manage mobile data collection on Smartphones and/or Tablets. It is used to conduct field surveys and data collection exercises. ODK Collect is a great replacement for paper-based surveys.

Map Production

QGIS: QGIS is a free and open source geographical information system software that allows users to create, edit, visualize, analyze and publish geospatial information on Windows, Mac and Linux operating systems.

Approach

Because waste management is so complex, and to better understand and map this ecosystem, data collection should also adjust to follow these patterns. The following methods can fill in the gaps of missing data and help us understand solid waste management in Mogadishu:

Remote Mapping

We are keeping track of all the buildings & infrastructure digitization that is being conducted in Mogadishu. A detailed spreadsheet of all tasks can be found here: OEG Remote Mapping Campaign Information

Building Tasks’ Information

S/N	District Name	Risk Level	Prioritization	Mapping Org.	Area	No. of Tasks	Digitization Status	Validation Status	Project Link	Changeset comment
1	Abdi-Aziz	Low	3	SNU	1.06 km2	36	Done	Done	11372	#hotosm-project-11372 #mogadishu-swm
2	Bondhere	Medium	5	Spatial Collective	0.957 km2	51	Done	Done	11373	#hotosm-project-11373 #mogadishu-swm
3	Dayniile	Very High	11	OSM Uganda	19.64 km2	72	Done	Done	11374	#hotosm-project-11374 #mogadishu-swm
4	Dharkenley	Very High	12	OSM Uganda	22.35 km2	75	Done	Done	11375	#hotosm-project-11375 #mogadishu-swm
5	Hamar Jab-Jab	Low	2	Spatial Collective	1.75 km2	78	Done	Done	11376	#hotosm-project-11376 #mogadishu-swm
6	Hamar-Weyne	Low	4	SNU	0.87 km2	40	Done	Done	11377	#hotosm-project-11377 #mogadishu-swm
7	Hawl-Wadaag	High	8	OSM Uganda	3.94 km2	59	Done	Done	11378	#hotosm-project-11378 #mogadishu-swm
8	Hodan	High	9	Spatial Collective	6.42 km2	80	Done	Done	11379	#hotosm-project-11379 #mogadishu-swm
9	Huriwa	Very High	13	OSM Uganda	22.03 km2	75	Done	Done	11380	#hotosm-project-11380 #mogadishu-swm
10	Kahda	Very High	14	OSM Uganda	24.36 km2	83	Done	Done	11381	#hotosm-project-11381 #mogadishu-swm
11	Karan	Very High	15	OSM Uganda	15.5 km2	151	Done	Done	11382	#hotosm-project-11382 #mogadishu-swm
12	Shibis	Medium	7	SNU	2.12 km2	120	Done	Done	11383	#hotosm-project-11383 #mogadishu-swm
13	Shingani	Low	1	Spatial Collective	0.59 km2	40	Done	Done	11384	#hotosm-project-11384 #mogadishu-swm
14	Waberi	Medium	6	SNU	5.96 km2	49	Done	Done	11385	#hotosm-project-11385 #mogadishu-swm
15	Wadajir (Medina)	Very High	16	OSM Uganda	15.16 km2	148	Done	Done	11386	#hotosm-project-11386 #mogadishu-swm
16	Warta Nabadda	High	10	SNU	5.77 km2	85	Done	Done	11387	#hotosm-project-11387 #mogadishu-swm
17	Yaqshid	Very High	17	OSM Uganda	5.83 km2	87	Done	Done	11388	#hotosm-project-11388 #mogadishu-swm
	Suuqa Xolaha	Very High	18	OSM Uganda	15.23 km2	57	Done	Done	12020	#hotosm-project-12020 #mogadishu-swm
	Bakara	Very High	19	OSM Uganda	27.93 km2	98	Done	Done	12022	#hotosm-project-12022 #mogadishu-swm

Infrastructure Tasks' Information

S/N	District Name	Risk Level	Prioritization	Mapping Org.	Area	No. of Tasks	Digitization Status	Validation Status	Project Link	Changeset comment
1	Abdi-Aziz	Low	3	OSM Uganda	1.06 km2	16	Done	Done	12106	#hotosm-project-12106 #mogadishu-swm
2	Bondhere	Medium	5	OSM Uganda	0.957 km2	5	Done	Done	12108	#hotosm-project-12108 #mogadishu-swm
3	Deyninle	Very High	11	OSM Uganda	19.64 km2	7	Done	Done	12115	#hotosm-project-12115 #mogadishu-swm
4	Dharkeynley	Very High	12	OSM Uganda	22.35 km2	8	Done	Done	12116	#hotosm-project-12116 #mogadishu-swm
5	Hamar Jab-Jab	Low	2	OSM Uganda	1.75 km2	11	Done	Done	12105	#hotosm-project-12105 #mogadishu-swm
6	Hamar-Weyne	Low	4	OSM Uganda	0.87 km2	11	Done	Done	12107	#hotosm-project-12107 #mogadishu-swm
7	Hawl-Wadag	High	8	OSM Uganda	3.94 km2	5	Done	Done	12112	#hotosm-project-12112 #mogadishu-swm
8	Hodan	High	9	OSM Uganda	6.42 km2	7	Done	Done	12119	#hotosm-project-12119 #mogadishu-swm
9	Huriwa	Very High	13	OSM Uganda	22.03 km2	12	Done	Done	12117	#hotosm-project-12117 #mogadishu-swm
10	Kahda	Very High	14	OSM Uganda	24.36 km2	7	Done	Done	12118	#hotosm-project-12118 #mogadishu-swm
11	Karan	Very High	15	OSM Uganda	15.5 km2	23	Done	Done	12120	#hotosm-project-12120 #mogadishu-swm
12	Shibis	Medium	6	OSM Uganda	2.12 km2	11	Done	Done	12110	#hotosm-project-12110 #mogadishu-swm
13	Shingani	Low	1	OSM Uganda	0.59 km2	9	Done	Done	12104	#hotosm-project-12104 #mogadishu-swm
14	Waberi	Medium	7	OSM Uganda	5.96 km2	7	Done	Done	12111	#hotosm-project-12111 #mogadishu-swm
15	Wadajir (Medina)	Very High	16	OSM Uganda	15.16 km2	15	Done	Done	12121	#hotosm-project-12121 #mogadishu-swm
16	Wardhigley	High	10	OSM Uganda	5.77 km2	7	Done	Done	12114	#hotosm-project-12114 #mogadishu-swm
17	Yaqshid	Very High	17	OSM Uganda	5.83 km2	11	Done	Done	12122	#hotosm-project-12122 #mogadishu-swm
	Suuqa Xolaha	Very High	18	OSM Uganda	15.23 km2	17	Done	Done	12123	#hotosm-project-12123 #mogadishu-swm
	Bakara	Very High	19	OSM Uganda	27.93 km2	15	Done	Done	12124	#hotosm-project-12124 #mogadishu-swm

Key Informant Interviews (KIIs)

Working with the World bank, Municipality of Mogadishu/Benadir Regional Administration, Ministry of Public works, community groups, and other relevant project stakeholders, we will develop a list of questions that will help us collect information on the solid waste management and practices in the city. Together, we will also compile a list of potential personnel who might have insights into Solid Waste Management in the municipality.

These meetings will allow us to acquire a comprehensive insight into the scale of the problem, identify the needs of the end-users of the data, and add additional information on the data collected. The potential stakeholders are municipal government, private operators dealing with waste, youth groups, self-help groups, and individual garbage pickers, sorters, and recyclers.

The main steps of carrying out stakeholder interviews are:

• Mapping out participants for the key informant interviews: provide a list of stakeholders and their locations.
• Develop tools for Key Informant Interviews: develop a questionnaire for interviews.
• Carry out key informant interviews.
• Transcribing of interviews: preferably the interviews are recorded and then transcribed.
• Manage data: determine how qualitative data fits our data collection.
• Focus group discussions and participatory map drawing

Focus Group Discussions and Participatory Map Drawing

Focus group discussions are aimed at capturing more subjective perceptions about a place, and also, to add another layer of data to the quantitative dataset. By using guided interviews and working with various cohorts, FGDs could help us gather additional data on perceptions of solid waste management in Mogadishu. Depending on the security and time, FGDs could be carried out with community-based groups dealing with waste management and with some stakeholders who participate in the key informant interviews.

After the remote mapping, Key Informant Interviews, and field data collection, we could use the information from these activities to develop criteria for the selection of local participants/industry players to take part in the focus group discussions (FGD’s) in their respective districts. The rationale behind these meetings is there is a high likelihood that different districts have different solid waste management practices.

The main steps in carrying out the Focus Group Discussions are:

• Select the participants for the focus group discussions: based on the knowledge obtained during this work, determine which stakeholders might be best to participate in the FGDs.
• Develop data collection tools and facilitation guide: this should include a set of tools to be used (open discussions, participatory mapping, mobility mapping, etc.), a set of questions for each indicator, and a facilitation guide.
• Tran the data collectors: training on how to use the facilitation guide and associated tools and how to carry out FGDs.
• Run focus group discussions: to minimize risk the grounds shouldn’t be larger than half a dozen people each.
• Manage data: determine how qualitative data fits our data collection.

Field Mapping

Solid waste management data will be collected in 17 districts of Mogadishu, these include: Abdi-Aziz, Bondhere, Dayniile, Dharkenley, Hamar Jab-Jab, Hamar-Weyne, Hawl-Wadaag, Hodan, Huriwa, Kahda, Karan, Shibis, Shingani, Waberi, Wadajir (Medina), Warta Nabadda, and Yaqshid.

1. Before fieldwork
   • The consortium will obtain final clearance from the district administration to go to the field.
   • We will guide the Somalia field data collectors on testing all field equipment to ensure everything is working well.
   • We will hold a security briefing as per the security management plan.
   • After acquiring permission letters from the Benadir Regional Administration (BRA) and District Commissioners, the consortium will be able to effectively and more safely conduct field mapping in Mogadishu.
2. During the fieldwork
   • The consortium will try and organize daily (or as often as possible) meetings with supervisors. During these meetings, we will gather feedback from the previous day’s activities, review security protocol, brief the teams on the upcoming daily activities, and review teams’ progress reports from previous days.
   • The mapping teams will then carry out the data collection using Open Data Kit (ODK) Collect in their assigned areas. To collect the necessary data, they will follow the guidelines and procedures they learned during the training sessions.
   • Each field mapping team will be accompanied by police/security personnel in order to increase their safety in the field.
3. After the fieldwork
   • The mapping team will ensure that all the data collected on each day is sent to the central server for review and storage.
   • We will check in with team supervisors at the end of each day for debrief to note down notable occurrences during the day and mitigation measures.

Post-Field Mapping & Geospatial Analysis

Both the updated base map and mapping layer of solid waste sites will be analyzed to better facilitate analysis and planning for solid waste management using a free and open source software QGIS. Using various geospatial analyses, we could develop the following map products (these will rely on discussions with stakeholders):

• Visualization showing the typology of waste in different areas of Mogadishu. For example, areas of industrial waste, household waste, commercial waste, etc.
• Visualization showing locations of all solid waste management physical infrastructure including recycling plants, incineration areas, and landfills.
• Visualization showing the spatial distribution of official vs unofficial dumping sites.
• Visualization showing areas with different modalities of waste management.
• Hotspot analysis of unofficial dumpsites, waste collection points, and potential areas for new collection points.
• Proximity analysis of waste disposal/collections points to other critical public infrastructures such as learning institutions, marketplaces, and public spaces.
• For further use, all data generated in this project will be prepared in geo-package format plus their associated metadata.

Quality Assurance and Control

Quality assurance and quality control is a stream of activities that are ongoing throughout the project and which intensity varies throughout the project. Ensuring high-quality outputs from data collection activities will demand well-structured quality assurance processes supporting the activities. We will implement quality assurance and control throughout the activities as follows:

Digitization

1. We will review the quality report of the imagery supplied by the aerial imagery providers. This will directly affect the quality of digitized features.
2. Before the commencement of the main digitization activities, we will develop a data model that is in line with the OpenStreetMap tagging taxonomy.
3. To facilitate remote work, we will develop and share a comprehensive handbook that will help digitizers navigate through the entire workflow, offer troubleshooting strategies, and best practices.
4. During the training, we will communicate the importance of abiding by the quality guidelines.
5. We will deploy experienced validators to ensure that digitized buildings are of acceptable quality.

Solid Waste Management Mapping

1. We will design the list of features to be mapped that is in line with the requirements from the Mogadishu municipality, community, and OSM data model.
2. We will carry out rigorous training of community members in Mogadishu to make sure they have sufficient know-how as it relates to solid waste mapping.
3. We will develop uniform presets ensuring homogenous data capture.
4. We will deploy experienced validators to ensure that mapped features are of acceptable quality.

Data Model

Buildings

key (OSM tag)	values	comment
building	yes	All new digitized buildings will be given a value of “yes”, the existing buildings will be left with their own tags.

Roads

key (OSM tag)	values	comment
highway	primary	Major roads in the city. Always paved. Usually double-lane.
	secondary	Connecting roads in the city. Paved, usually single-lane.
	tertiary	Roads connecting the primary and secondary roads into neighborhoods. Often paved, but not universally so.
	unclassified	Mostly small residential roads in informal neighborhoods. Sometimes paved for the first few meters off the larger roads, but otherwise unpaved. Not usually gridded, rather meandering.
	residential	Small residential roads in planned neighborhoods. Usually arranged in a recognisable grid. Sometimes paved for the first few meters off the larger roads, but otherwise unpaved.
	footway	Walking (or in a pinch, cycling or motorcycling) paths through neighborhoods. Tend to meander between buildings. Too narrow and rough for car traffic.

Safety and Security

In recognition of the security risks associated with fieldwork in Mogadishu, we foresee that some of the activities under this campaign might not take place in some districts or will be conducted in samples. The overall effect of this will be an incomplete dataset in some districts and some datasets might not be collected at all. The incompleteness of the data to be collected in the field will be filled by the FGDs and KIIs that will be held for all districts.

We have created a Somalia Country Security Protocol that is meant to be followed during all field activities. In addition, we have created a spreadsheet that shows the districts and their associated level of risk in terms of data collection.

S/N	District Name	Risk Level
1	Karan	Very High
2	Huriwa	Very High
3	Yaqshid	Very High
4	Dharkenley	Very High
5	Wadajir (Medina)	Very High
6	Kahda	Very High
7	Dayniile	Very High
8	Warta Nabadda	High
9	Hawl-Wadaag	High
10	Hodan	High
11	Bondhere	Medium
12	Shibis	Medium
13	Waberi	Medium
14	Hamar-Weye	Low
15	Hamar Jab-Jab	Low
16	Abdi-Aziz	Low
17	Shingani	Low

This list can be found here: Mogadishu Districts Risk Level

Contact Information

For any question on the project's activities in OpenStreetMap, in particular regarding an Organized Editing activity or if you try to contact a specific contributor linked to us and don't get a fast answer, please contact us:

Name	OSM Username	Organization
Immaculata Mwanja	Immaculate Mwanja	Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT)
Justus Muhando	simoa	Spatial Collective
Abdullahi Kelly	abdullahi101	OSM Somalia