Key:surface

surface
Description
Describes the surface of a feature.
Group: Properties
Used on these elements
Documented values: 20
Useful combination
highway=* smoothness=* maxspeed:practical=*
Status: de facto
Tools for this tag
taginfo · CH · CZ · FR · GB · HU · IE · IN · JP · PL overpass-turbo
Wikidata
Q1049667

The surface key is used to provide additional information about the physical surface of roads/footpaths and some other features, particularly regarding material composition and/or structure. Originally concerned about the surface in relation to transport and sports and more commonly used on linear features it is now increasingly used with certain areas of type natural=*. For broader descriptions of surfaces see Landcover.

For roads for motor vehicles there there is normally an assumption that the surface is surface=paved unless otherwise stated. Paved in OpenStreetMap is non-specific and may cover sealed, tarmac, asphalt, bitumen. surface=unpaved is treated as the opposite of paved. More specific tags can be used for surfaces which are normally classified into paved or unpaved for routing purposes. Navigation software should assume that roads-that-are-not-paved will have slower driving speed (and therefore longer driving time) and may be impassable in some weather conditions.

smoothness=* is also an important surface property and refers to surface regularity/flatness, regardless of material. May be especially useful for roller blades and similar purposes.

tracktype=* is also an important surface property and refers to surface firmness, regardless of shape.

highway=* ways should ideally always be tagged with surface (and/or with tracktype=*) given that there is no default for such paths.

Rendering software convention varies, but generally roads-that-are-not-paved are shown in a different colour but same width as their paved cousins or use the same colour but are dashed. Rendering of road surface in standard OSM style is a complicated subject.

In some cases when other tags are not sufficient to describe the road conditions good enough the use of smoothness=* and maxspeed:practical=* can be considered. maxspeed:practical=* can be useful in situations where other tags are not sufficient to describe what kind of traveling speed could be reasonably expected. If there is one good surface=unpaved road, where practical speed is 60 km/h, and a second bad road with concrete:lanes surface allowing a practical speed 10 km/h, users or routing software could be misguided to choose the second road for routing, because by default paved roads are assumed to allow much higher speeds than unpaved roads.

Values

Key	Value	Element	Comment	Photo
Paved
surface	paved		A feature that is predominantly paved; i.e., it is covered with paving stones, concrete or bitumen. This value gives only a rough description; use a more precise value if possible.
surface	asphalt		Short for asphalt concrete - mineral aggregate bound by asphalt. Most such features are tagged as paved without specifying exact surface.
surface	concrete		Cement based concrete, forming a large surface, typically cast in place and may have predetermined breaking joints. For pre-fabricated plates, please use concrete:plates or concrete:lanes if you know how the concrete is laid out and one of these tags fits.
surface	concrete:lanes		Long, narrow concrete elements for a two-tracked vehicle (motorcars) so that the tires always hit the concrete. There might be sand, ground, grass, pavers, asphalt, etc. in between them. Note that if you tag a single-tracked way you just use concrete, since there are no lanes.
surface	concrete:plates		Heavy duty plates chained closely together on the short side. Might have tar or sand in between the connections.
surface	paving_stones		A relatively smooth surface paved with artificial blocks (block pavers, bricks) or natural stones (flagstones), with a flat top. The gaps between individual paving stones are very narrow, either because the stones have a perfectly regular shape (rectangular, or any surface-filling shape) or because they have been carefully selected, fitted and placed in order to form an even, closed surface.
surface	sett		Sett paving, formed from natural stones cut to a regular shape. The stones do not cover the surface completely, unlike paving_stones.
surface	unhewn_cobblestone		Raw cobblestone of natural, uncut, rounded stones. Unlike pebblestone firmly connected to the ground.
surface	cobblestone		Generic value for cobblestone in the colloquial sense. It's better to use a more precise value such as sett or unhewn_cobblestone
surface	cobblestone:flattened		Should not be used to avoid confusion with sett or unhewn_cobblestone. It is neither a commonplace description nor a correct name.
surface	metal		Used for metal surfaced bridges, or for temporary tracks over fields for normal road vehicles or site traffic.
surface	wood		Used for wood surfaced bridges, plank walkways, and garden decking
surface	stepping_stones		Stones or plates individually arranged in a row, allowing to walk on, surrounded by an unpaved medium such as grass or water
surface	user_defined		All commonly used values according to Taginfo.
Unpaved
surface	unpaved		A feature that is predominantly unsealed (unpaved); i.e., it has a loose covering ranging from compacted stone chippings to earth. Unpaved roads may, in aerial imagery, show evidence of water along their course; in such circumstances, the waterway should not be tagged as a stream, though it might appear as such. This value gives only a rough description; use a more precise value if possible.
surface	compacted		A mixture of larger (e.g., gravel) and smaller (e.g., sand) parts, compacted (e.g., with a roller), so the surface is more stable than loose gravel. Used, for example, for park paths, better tracks, some service ways, … Best sort of ways below paving with asphalt, concrete, paving stones. Sometimes known as water-bound macadam. Mixture and compacting leads to more grip and stability.
surface	fine_gravel		A multilayer pavement with a stone or gravel basis and a topmost surface of firm, granular grit, basalt or quartz, as invented by the Roman empire. Easy to walk, jog, cycle or ride on. In hilly areas mostly with drainage channels and concave cross-section for proper water shedding. Motorized vehicles will not move stones if the way is maintained properly, and bicycles tires will not leave any imprints at least in dry weather. If the topmost surface is eroded or loose gravel aggravate please use gravel instead.
surface	gravel		Broken/crushed rock with sharp edges, known as ballast on railways. Usually loosely arranged. Typical size for road and surface construction range between 4 and 8 cm. Gravel can be used as a ground-layer for compacted.
surface	rock		Exposed rock or big pieces of rock used to improve path quality. Typically in mountainous areas.
surface	pebblestone		Pebbles are stones rounded by waves or river flow. Typical size range from 2 to 8 cm. Describing a surface in OSM they are loosely arranged. Like gravel pebbles can be used as a building part of compacted.
surface	ground		No special surface, the ground itself has marks of human or animal usage. This value gives only a rough description; if possible, use a more precise value such as grass, clay, sand, earth, gravel or pebblestone.
surface	dirt		Probably very similar to ground. Like all this, it is prone to erosion and therefore often uneven. Gravel is sometimes mistakenly called dirt. Some compacted surfaces are sometimes called "dirt" too, please consider the definition of compacted.
surface	earth		Probably a type of ground. Usually natural, but may also apply to artificial preparations of soil. Duplicate of dirt.
surface	grass		Grass covered ground. Mostly nice to walk. May turn into surface=dirt or become overgrown and disappear.
surface	grass_paver		A sort of permeable paving using regular cell structure, where the voids in this structure enable rainwater to drain into the ground and the structure itself increases the load bearing capability. Often used for parking lots or infrequent used ways like for emergency-vehicles.
surface	mud		Similar to ground but most of the year wet which gives a soft ground with low carrying capacity. Mostly found on wetland like swamps or in tidal areas. Sometimes also found on slopes draining onto a way.
surface	sand		Small to very small fractions (less than 2mm) of rock.
surface	woodchips		Woodchips as a surface
surface	snow		Winter roads surfaced with compacted snow.
surface	ice		Ice roads, winter roads
surface	salt		Dry salt lakes
surface	user_defined		All commonly used values according to Taginfo.
Special (sports, etc.)
surface	clay		Most common on tennis courts. Sometimes used for other sports: soccer, athletic tracks, boules, etc.
surface	tartan		A synthetic, all-weather surface typically used in running and other sport tracks. Although Tartan is a trademark, it is used as a generic term due to its widespread usage.
surface	artificial_turf		An all-weather surface made from synthetic fibres to look and feel like natural grass. Often used for tracks and pitches of sports such as football, baseball, etc.
surface	acrylic		An artificial surface covered with acrylic resin-bound coating. Often used for tennis courts, basketball courts, etc. Prominent brands include: DecoTurf, GreenSet and so on.
surface	metal_grid		Metal grids are often used as a surface on industrial-style bridges or stairs. When wet, the surface can become very slippery, especially for bikes. The surface can also be unsuitable for dogs, due to the sharp edges and the look-through effect.
surface	carpet		Carpet may be used for some sport courts such as indoor tennis courts.
surface	user_defined		All commonly used values according to Taginfo.

This table is a wiki template with a default description in English. Editable here.

Surface for foot- and cycleways

If a foot- or cycleway was tagged as a tag (not as a separate way) on a highway (i.e., highway=secondary + cycleway=track/lane), you can add surface by the following syntax:

sidewalk:surface=paving_stones

Or if there is a foot- or cycleway only at one side from street, or there are different surfaces at both sides, you can use right and left (or both, to tag explicit both sides):

cycleway:right:surface=asphalt

cycleway:left:surface=paving_stones

With this syntax you also can add other relevant tags like: smoothness, oneway, bicycle, foot, width, segregated, and more.

Default values

There are no default values for surface, it is generally considered as OK and desirable to tag it explicitly for all roads. In case of missing surface=* data consumers may sometimes successfully guess values based on location of object and values of highway=*, lit=*, tracktype=*, tiger:reviewed=no and other tags.

Data consumers may also treat untagged surface specially (for example display "no data" in surface statistics listing).

See also

• Landcover
• Proposed features/Surface:all_weather, a proposal for value hierarchy and all_weather value
• OpenSeaMap/General Attributes#Nature of surface (NATSUR)
• material=*
• surface:grade=*
• (very rough, incomplete) rendering style using OverpassTurbo