User:Moresby/Understanding Mapnik/Representing map designs in XML

Understanding Mapnik

A Mapnik tutorial

• Contents

Starting with Python

• Setting a background colour
• Plotting points
• Placing images at points
• Plotting lines
• Specifying line colour and width
• Specifying line styles
• Using layers to draw points and lines
• Using filters to represent data
• Adding text to the map

Using XML and CSS

• Representing map designs in XML
• Revisiting our examples in XML
• CSS styling with Cascadenik

CartoCSS and PostGIS

• Using CartoCSS
• Specifying the drawing order
• Using PostgreSQL and PostGIS
• Specifying geometry types
• The Google Maps projection
• Specifying geometry constraints

140-layers.png - towns and roads on one map

So far each map which we have generated has required its own Python program, requiring objects to be created, modified and joined together to produce the required output. An alternative approach is to use an XML file to represent our map design, and to allow Mapnik to generate the appropriate objects itself. For example, the map we generated earlier as an example of using layers to draw points and lines can be written in XML as follows:

<?xml version='1.0'?>
<Map background-color='ghostwhite'>
  <Style name='line_style'>
    <Rule>
      <LineSymbolizer/>
    </Rule>
  </Style>
  <Style name='point_style'>
    <Rule>
      <PointSymbolizer file='circle_red_16x16.png'/>
    </Rule>
  </Style>
  <Layer name='line_layer'>
    <StyleName>line_style</StyleName>
    <Datasource>
      <Parameter name='file'>data-roads.csv</Parameter>
      <Parameter name='type'>csv</Parameter>
    </Datasource>
  </Layer>
  <Layer name='point_layer'>
    <StyleName>point_style</StyleName>
    <Datasource>
      <Parameter name='file'>data-places.csv</Parameter>
      <Parameter name='type'>csv</Parameter>
    </Datasource>
  </Layer>
</Map>

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Detailed explanation of this XML file

• Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a language used to represent structured data. Sections begin with a start tag such as <Style> and <Layer> and end with a matching end tag such as </Style> and </Layer>. Where there is nothing between a start and end tag, an empty tag can be used instead, such as <LineSymbolizer/>. As well as content (including other tags) between the start and end tags, start tags can have attribute key-value pairs attached to them, such as name='point_style'.
• Line one is simply a marker to show that this file is an XML file.
• Lines two to 27 contain the single <Map> element, which represents the design of the map in question.
• Within the <Map> element, we have the definition of two styles and two layers.
• The first style is defined using the <Style> element at lines three to seven. We have to give the style a name, which is done using the name='line_style' attribute.
• This style contains just one rule, which contains one LineSymbolizer. Because we are happy with the default settings for each of these objects, we need no more than simply specify XML elements with the appropriate names.
• The second style is defined at lines eight to twelve. This also has a name, and contains a PointSymbolizer rather than a LineSymbolizer. Because we are specifying an image file to use, we include the file='circle_red_16x16.png' attribute.
• The two layers are defined at lines 13 to 19 and 20 to 26. Each has its own name, the name of the Style object to be used and details of the data source.

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We still need a program to tell Mapnik to load and process this file, but this can now be very simple:

#!/usr/bin/python

import sys
import mapnik
import re

if len(sys.argv) != 2:
    print "Usage: python generate-map.py <filename>"
    sys.exit(1)

infile = sys.argv[1]
r = re.search(r'([^/]*)\.xml$', infile)
if r:
    outfile = r.group(1) + ".png"
else:
    outfile = infile + ".png"

m = mapnik.Map(480, 320)
mapnik.load_map(m, infile)

m.zoom_to_box(mapnik.Box2d(0, 0, 480, 320))
mapnik.render_to_file(m, outfile, 'png')

Save the XML data in a file called 140-layers.xml and the Python program in a file called generate-map.py and run the following command:

python generate-map.py 140-layers.xml

You should see no error messages, and you should see a new file in your working directory called 140-layers.png. This is a new map image, and should be a light-coloured rectangle 480 pixels wide by 320 pixels high, with a series of red circles interconnected by black lines, as shown above.

A more general-purpose Python program to generate maps from XML files is Nik2img.