Pt:Construções 3D simples

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Essa página descreve etiquetas para atributos básicos de construções 3D. Para uma proposta de marcação 3D avançada, veja F3DB.

Os seguintes métodos de marcação são os resultados do 2nd 3D Workshop Garching, onde a maioria dos desenvolvedores 3D concordou em apoiar um subconjunto unificado de etiquetas em seus programas. Basicamente, descrevemos o volume de um edifício usando dois tipos de áreas: 1) construção de contornos para a área mais geral de um edifício complexo e 2) construção de peças para descrever seções do prédio, especialmente aquelas com alturas diferentes ou outros atributos.

Como mapear

Construindo contornos

Dois edifícios: áreas parciais (verde) dentro de uma área de construção (vermelho)

O desenho do edifício representa a área de terra coberta pela união de todas as partes do edifício. O desenho pode, na maioria dos casos, ser considerado a pegada do edifício. Este é um caminho fechado ou multipolígono etiquetado com building=*.

Os atributos de construção (por exemplo, endereço, nome, altura total, operador, etc.) devem ser marcados no contorno do edifício.

O esquema de construção fornece compatibilidade retroativa para o software de renderização 2D, como o Mapnik e outros consumidores de dados que não estão interessados na modelagem 3D. Quando um edifício possui alguma área building:part=*, o contorno do edifício não é considerado para renderização em 3D.

Partes da construção

As partes de um edifício com diferentes características físicas (altura, cor, etc.) geralmente são modeladas pelo desenho de uma área dentro do contorno do edifício etiquetado com a etiqueta building:part=*. O valor da etiqueta building:part=* geralmente é yes, mas pode ser qualquer building=* valor.

Toda a área do edifício é preenchido com linhas building:part=*, marcados com a altura e outros atributos respectivos. Estas áreas podem se sobrepor ou podem estar desajustadas, dependendo do edifício. (Mas, enquanto as marcações 2D podem e muitas vezes precisam se sobrepor, evitem sobreposições de volumes 3D - especialmente se os volumes tiverem faces comuns).

Veja a seção a seguir para criar etiquetas de atributo tipicamente aplicadas em formas marcadas com building:part=*.

Caminhos etiquetados com building:part=* são principalmente considerados para renderização em 3D. Os renderizadores 2D ignoram as etiquetas de atributo de construção descritas na seção a seguir.

Relações de construção

Para edifícios com uma estrutura complexa, uma relação type=building pode ser usado para agrupar o contorno do edifício e todas as peças de construção. No entanto, não há necessidade de criar uma relação type=building se o prédio contiver apenas algumas partes de construção ou tiver uma estrutura simples.

Se não houver relação, uma aplicação deve tratar todas as partes de construção dentro da área do contorno do edifício como parte desse edifício.

Etiquetas para as partes e contornos da construção

As seguintes etiquetas podem ser usadas para os contornos da construção e suas partes.

Altura e níveis

Exemplo esquemático de marcação de nível e altura
Chave Comentário
height=* Distância entre a posição mais baixa possível com o contato no solo e a parte superior do telhado do edifício, excluindo antenas, torres e outros equipamentos montados no telhado.
min_height=* Altura aproximada abaixo da estrutura do edifício.

Observe que quando min_height é usado, a altura ainda é definida como a distância do chão ao topo da estrutura. Então, "bridge" com 3 metros de altura, onde a parte inferior da ponte está posicionada a 10 metros acima do nível do solo terá min_height=10, height=13.

building:levels=* Número de pisos do edifício localizados acima do solo (sem níveis no telhado), para poder renderizar o edifício de forma agradável.

Se você marcar novos edifícios, tente dar um valor de altura. Tente usar building:levels=* em adição à uma etiqueta de altura!

building:min_level=* níveis ignorados em uma parte do edifício, análogo ao min_height

Telhado

Forma do telhado

Você pode caracterizar o telhado do edifício usando um catálogo de tipos conhecidos de telhado. Formas de telhado adicionais podem ser introduzidas com o tempo (S3DB_Proposals), incluindo abordagens avançadas para modelagem manual (por exemplo, ProposedRoofLines oou partes de OSM-4D/Roof_table).

Imagem Roof0 0.jpg Roof1 0.jpg Roof2 0.jpg Roof2 3.jpg Roof2 4.jpg Roof2 5.jpg
roof:shape flat skillion gabled half-hipped hipped pyramidal
Imagem Roof4 0.jpg Roof4 2.jpg Roof5 6.jpg Roof8.jpg Roof5 0.jpg Roof3 1.jpg
roof:shape gambrel mansard dome onion round saltbox

Outras etiquetas de telhado

Chave Comentário
roof:orientation=along/across Para os telhados com um cume, o cume é assumido como paralelo ao lado mais longo do edifício (roof:orientation=along). Mas pode ser marcado explicitamente com esta etiqueta.
roof:height=* Altura do telhado em metros
roof:angle=* Alternativamente a roof:height=*, a altura do telhado pode ser indicada de forma implícita, proporcionando a inclinação dos lados (em graus).
roof:levels=* Número de andares dentro do telhado, que ainda não foram contados em building:levels=*.
roof:direction=* Direção do lado de trás do telhado para a frente, ou seja, a direção para a qual a face principal do telhado está olhando

Novamente, alguns telhados (por exemplo, edifícios quadrados) não podem ser modelados com precisão com as técnicas simples descritas nesta página.

Cor e material de superfície

Chave Comentário
building:colour=* Cor da fachada da construção. Veja colour=* para valores possíveis.
roof:colour=* Cor do telhado da construção. Veja colour=* para valores possíveis.
building:material=* Material exterior da fachada do edifício.
roof:material=* Material exterior do telhado do edifício.

Áreas de demonstração

Para torná-lo mais fácil possível para a comunidade, começamos a adicionar detalhes adicionais para as seguintes:

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Location OpenStreetMap Streets GL OSM2World OSMBuildings F4 Map OSM go Mapbox GL Tangram
Greece Athens View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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China Beijing (Forbidden City) View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Bremen View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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United States Chicago View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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China Chongqing

Chaotianmen CBD Working

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United States Cincinnati View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Venezuela Ciudad Guayana View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Coburg View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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United States Denver View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Canada Edmonton View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Austria Graz View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Austria Graz 2 View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Austria Seiersberg View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Hagen View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Finland Helsinki View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Spain Huesca View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Indonesia Jakarta, Jalan Sudirman View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Karlsruhe, Fernmeldeturm View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Iceland Kópavogur, Smárar View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Köln, Dom View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Köln, Funkturm View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Köln, Rheinauhafen View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Köln, Wohngebiet in Neuehrenfeld als "Labor" View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Köthen View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Köthen 2 View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Poland Kraków View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Malaysia Kuala Lumpur View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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United States Las Vegas View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Leipzig View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Peru Lima View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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United Kingdom London View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Poland Lwówek Śląski View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Philippines Makati View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Philippines Manila

Malate and Ermita

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Philippines Manila

Santa Cruz and Binondo

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Russia Moscow View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Russia Moscow 2

with type=building relation

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United States New York City View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Oldenburg, University View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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United States Oldenburg, Indiana View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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France Paris, Eiffel Tower View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Passau View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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United States Phoenix (Arizona) View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Potsdam View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Netherlands Rijswijk View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Rostock, Südstadt View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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United States San Jose (California) View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Brazil São Paulo View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Schwerin View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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China Shanghai

Lujiazui CBD Working

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China Shenzhen

Shenzhen Central Business District

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Singapore Singapore View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Germany Stadum View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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United States Syracuse (New York) View in 2D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D View in 3D

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Japan Tokyo, Nishi-shinjuku View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Japan Tokyo, Odaiba View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Canada Toronto View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Norway Trondheim View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Vatican Vatican View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Poland Warsaw View in 2D View in 3D N/A View in 3D View in 3D

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Netherlands Ypenburg, The Hague

Waterwijk (work in progress)

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Example Models

Suporte de software

Artigo principal: 3D development

Muitos mapas e ferramentas suportam o esquema de edifícios 3D simples. Entre os primeiros foram o renderizador OSM-3D.org, em 2009, o renderizador OSM2World e o plugin JOSM Kendzi3D, em 2011, e o Nutiteq Android 3D Mapping SDK (agora Carto Mobile SDK) e WikiMiniAtlas, em 2012. OSMBuildings lançou um display 2,5D em 2012, seguido por uma versão 3D, em 2015. Em 2013, o F4 Map tornou-se o primeiro processador a suportar totalmente o esquema simples de edifícios 3D.

Ferramentas de edição

Nome do Software Plataforma Suporte de esquema Licença Notas
Kendzi3d Windows, macOS, Linux sim BSD Plugin JOSM

Aplicações de mapa

Nome da aplicação Plataforma Suporte de esquema Licença Notas
F4 Map Web sim Propietário Demo Web Map com renderização e suporte de cena.
Mapbox Static API Web parcial BSD Requer uma conta Mapbox Studio.
OpenScienceMap Web parcial LGPL Interpreta somente as etiquetas height/min_height do lado do cliente. A camada S3DB usa malhas vtm geradas no servidor (Usa plpgsql com PostGIS e SFCGAL). Web map
OSG-Maps Android parcial Propietário
OSM2World Web parcial LGPL Atualmente implementando os recursos restantes para a versão 0.2.0 - slippymap (Apenas em alemão)
OSM-3D.org Web parcial Veja OSM-3D#Buildings
osmapa.pl Mapnik stylesheet Web parcial A maioria dos tipos de telhado implementados em vista 2,5D
OSMBuildings Web parcial BSD
OSM go Web parcial GPL Somente piramidal e cúpula (ainda, plana é padrão)
WikiMiniAtlas Web parcial GPL apenas telhados piramidais

Estruturas de mapas

Artigo principal: Frameworks
Nome do software Plataforma Linguagem Suporte de esquema Licença Notas
Carto Mobile SDK Android, iOS, Windows Phone Java, Objective-C++, Swift, C# parcial BSD A maioria das formas de telhado são suportadas; veja Carto's documentation
Mapbox GL JS Web JavaScript parcial BSD As opções para personalizar a exibição do edifício 3D estão incluídas no Especificação do Estilo Mapbox. (Veja Mapbox's blog post anuncia suporte a GL JS.)
Mapbox Android SDK Android Java
Mapbox iOS SDK iOS Objective-C, Swift, Interface Builder
Mapbox macOS SDK macOS Objective-C, Swift, Interface Builder, AppleScript
Mapbox Qt SDK Qt C++, QML
Mapbox Unity SDK Cross-platform C# Apache
node-mapbox-gl-native Node.js JavaScript BSD
osm2x3d Web parcial UnknownAjude a traduzir isso em português! ver também [1] e [2]
OSMBuildings Web JavaScript parcial BSD Versões 2,5D e 3D disponíveis
Tangram Web JavaScript parcial MIT Mapzen rederiza construções 3D em Tangram e outros produtos
Tangram ES Android, iOS, Linux, macOS C++
VTM Android, iOS, Web Java parcial LGPL Part do projeto mapsforge.

Ferramentas de design

Nome do software Plataforma Suporte de esquema Licença Descrição
blender-osm Windows, macOS, Linux parcial GPL Download e importação de OpenStreetMap e terreno em um clique. Pode importar mais de 100.000 edifícios. Um grande número de formas de telhado é suportado: flat, gabled, hipped (apenas para um contorno de quadrângulo), mono-pitched, half-hipped, round, pyramidal, gambrel, dome, onion e saltbox.
Mapbox Studio Web parcial Propietário Inclui um estilo editor Mapbox GL que suporta altura de (partes da) construção.
Maputnik Web parcial MIT Inclui um estilo editor Mapbox GL que suporta altura de (partes da) construção.
Tangram Play Web parcial MIT Um editor de cena Tangram que suporta edifícios extrudidos com alturas com base em dados OSM.

Terminologia

Diagrama dos principais elementos arquitetônicos que compõem um telhado inclinado

Uma imagem pode ajudar a entender alguns termos arquitetônicos.

Propostas relacionadas

  • F3DB (Construções 3D completas)