User:Paolitosss/Sandbox

Una pista di sci di fondo

Questa pagina riassume i tag che descrivono gli sport invernali in senso lato, dallo sci alpino allo sci di fondo fino allo slittino, nonché le relative infrastrutture come gli impianti di risalita. Sebbene non sia mai stata effettuata una votazione (vedi ad esempio Talk:Piste Maps#Approval), queste chiavi e questi valori sono stati accettati ‘'de facto’' dalla comunità (vedi i numeri forniti da taginfo) e molti sono supportati da strumenti di mappatura come JOSM.

Alcuni sforzi di mappatura sono monitorati in WikiProject Piste Maps.

Pista

Una pista può essere un percorso che attraversa una varietà di terreni diversi. Può seguire le strade o i sentieri estivi esistenti, oppure attraversare prati e ghiacciai. Pertanto, la mappatura delle piste ha diversi livelli:

1. ‘'Elementi sottostanti’': strade e sentieri di campagna, prati, parti di ghiacciai, ecc. Questi possono essere definiti come way o aree .
2. ‘'Definizione delle sezioni delle piste’':
   • Gli elementi sottostanti possono essere ulteriormente contrassegnati con tag piste:*=* appropriati per descrivere come vengono utilizzati per gli sport invernali.
   • Un percorso utilizzato solo stagionalmente come pista può essere disegnato in modo indipendente e contrassegnato con un piste:type=* come tag di primo livello. Può rappresentare, ad esempio, la linea centrale di una pista da discesa o una pista da fondo battuta.
3. ‘'Raggruppamento’'. Facoltativamente, le sezioni di pista possono essere raggruppate tramite una relazione route=piste. Si noti che solo i ‘'percorsi’' possono essere membri di una relazione route=*. In questo modo, una pista può essere composta da più elementi e un elemento (strada, ecc.) può appartenere a più piste (relazioni).

I tag applicabili alle sezioni di pista e ad altri elementi sono descritti di seguito.

Quando si utilizzano le aree, di solito è buona norma mappare le piste sia con aree che con way (analogamente a waterway=river accompagnato da water=river che indica le sue rive). La way è utile per le applicazioni di routing, mentre l'area fornisce ulteriori dettagli sulla superficie effettiva occupata dalla pista.

Quando una pista deve essere rappresentata da un percorso chiuso (come una pista circolare da fondo), si consiglia di specificare no, per distinguerla dalle aree vere e proprie. Un poligono per il pattinaggio su ghiaccio può essere in realtà una pista di pattinaggio o uno stagno ghiacciato dove i pattinatori possono andare in qualsiasi direzione (yes), oppure una pista circolare simile a una pista di atletica (no).

Il rilevamento di alcuni tipi di piste, come quelle nordiche o da sci alpinismo, lascia una notevole libertà di giudizio al mappatore. Si consiglia di taggare i percorsi raccomandati da alcune autorità turistiche e le piste utilizzate da molte persone durante una stagione. Non aggiungere piste utilizzate solo da pochissime persone (ad esempio solo da te stesso) o che sono pericolose (valanghe, ecc.). Tieni presente che l'aggiunta di una pista è una raccomandazione ad altre persone di utilizzarla.

Tipo

Il tag piste:type=* può essere utilizzato su qualsiasi percorso esistente o nuovo. È utile per contrassegnare una pista che utilizza percorsi esistenti, come strade forestali o sentieri. Ad esempio, le strade forestali possono essere utilizzate in inverno per escursioni, slittino, sci alpinismo e sci nordico.

Difficulty

This tag is seldom used for piste:type=nordic in some countries, including the Nordic countries.

Note: For showing signposting color of pistes (notably for crosscountry skiing and snowshoeing), you may want to use the Tag:route=piste with a key:colour, and keep the difficulty tag to give information on the actual difficulty of the way.

Key	Value	US, Canada, and Oceania	Europe	Japan	Skitour:	Nordic (crosscountry)
piste:difficulty	novice	"Bunny hill"	Green		L: inclination <30 degree, no sliding, soft hilly terrain, no narrow passages	Strictly flat terrain, no effort needed
	easy	● Green circle	Blue (applies to Nordic, downhill, sled)	Green	WS: inclination 30–35 degree, short sliding areas, open terrain with short steep passages and easily avoidable obstacles, short narrow passages.	Soft hills, short steep sections
	intermediate	■ Blue square	Red (applies to Nordic, downhill, sled)	Red	ZS: inclination 35–40 degree, longer sliding areas, terrain with steep passages that cannot be avoided, short narrow but steep passages.	Steep sections are present in the piste, or short narrow on average slopes. User gets away with sweat. Used for the relevant sections only
	advanced	◆ Black diamond	Black (applies to Nordic, downhill, sled)	Black	S: inclination 40–45 degree, long sliding areas with scarps below (life danger!), steep terrain with many obstacles, long narrow passages (short swings still possible).	Steep sections are present in the piste, with narrow steep passages or sharp turns in steep passages, often icy pistes. Used for the relevant sections only.
	expert	◆◆ Double black diamond	Orange (Alps)      Double black (Scandinavia)		SS: inclination 45–50 degree, long sliding areas with scarps below (life danger!), steep rocky terrain with many obstacles, narrow passages may require some crossjumps.	Steep sections are present in the piste, with narrow steep passages or sharp turns in steep passages, often icy pistes. Dangerous terrain surrounds the piste. Used for the relevant sections only.
	freeride	(e.g., off-piste)	Yellow		AS: inclination 50–55 degree, very exposed terrain, no spot to rest during descent, narrow passages require many crossjumps.	Not relevant
	extreme	Climbing equipment required			EX: inclination >55 degree, extremely exposed terrain, need to use ropes to go downhill.	Not relevant

Grooming

The key piste:grooming=* describes the style of piste preparation for piste:type=nordic, piste:type=downhill (classic, mogul, backcountry), or piste:type=sled (classic, backcountry).

A classic groomed piste (piste:grooming=classic) is made of compacted snow and maintained with a snow grooming machine. A piste:grooming=backcountry piste is not maintained and will rely on hikers or snowshoers for compaction.

Key	Value	Description	Pictogram	Suggested rendering
piste:grooming	classic	Groomed for classic style Nordic or downhill skiing. If omitted for sledding runs (piste:type=sled) it implies groomed as "natural luge(sled) track". Default value is assumed if piste:grooming is omitted.	||
	mogul	A piste:type=downhill groomed for Mogul skiing (Buckelpiste).
	skating	Groomed for free style or skating.	\/
	classic;skating classic+skating	Both classic and skating. (Note that classic+skating is not standard OSM notation.)
	scooter	Classic style groomed by a smaller snowmobile, which means that the piste is often much looser and single lane.	!
	backcountry	Off-piste cross-country skiing, often referred to as "backcountry touring", where tracks are made manually by skiers. Use with marked, cleared, ungroomed ski trails. Use with often used, ungroomed sledding trails.	!!

Many providers of ski preparation data draw a line between tracks groomed by snowmobile, and larger snow grooming vehicles that produce cross-country ski-trails conforming to FIS standards (reference needed).

Other features

Key	Value	Element	Description	Suggested endering
piste:name	Name as a piste'		Alternate name for the piste. Use this if the piste runs over a highway which has a different name.	Rendered as name if no name tag exists; rendered by pistemap renderers only if name and piste:name exist.
piste:ref	Number or letter; or a combination.		Number or letter used to identify the piste on ski maps or signs at the ski resort. Avoid using ref=* if the way is also a highway.
piste:status	open/closed	Any piste	Use for pistes if they open for the season and set to closed during summer (this is most useful for single type pistes; e.g., sled). Use for live data feeds to OSM in the future. Do not use tag if data is guaranteed to incurrent (does not receive regular/live updates). There is no default.	Render always normally on general map. Summer sport specific maps may ignore closed pistes. Winter specific may use some special marking. Remember that data is probably only valid for some specific pistes that receive live updates.
piste:oneway	yes/no		The way is oneway only when used as piste during winter.
piste:certifications	List of certifications; text, comma separated.		Pistes that are certified for safety, grooming and quality by a local association. The seal of quality must be published by the association, for example: "TRV Naturrodelbahngütesiegel 2009 ROT". The tag should be not present if no certifications exist.
piste:lit	yes		The way is lit only when used as piste during winter. In contrast, lit=* alone refers to the whole year.
lit	yes		Lit for night time skiing.
piste:snowmaking	yes/no		Man made snow is used to secure the operation of the piste.
piste:snowfarming	yes/no		Snow is preserved from the previous season to secure the early season operation of the piste.
roller_ski	designated		The Nordic track is designated for roller skiing during summer. Often combined with highway=track, tracktype=grade1 and surface=asphalt.
piste:abandoned	yes		Former, now unofficial and unmaintained ski-trail.
gladed	yes		Pistes with trees or entire areas of thinned-out trees. See glade skiing.
patrolled	no		Pistes that are not patrolled, though they may be marked and maintained
sport	biathlon		Winter sport that combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting

If a ski trail is ungroomed due to having no-one to groom it (e.g., a permanently-closed commercial ski area), abandoned=yes may be used. The difference between a backcountry, not groomed and abandoned may seem fuzzy: Important difference is that low vegetation can be expected, and lack of clearing could be due to issues with land owners.

Grooming priority

Ski-trails can be marked with piste:grooming:priority=1-6 to indicate the order in which they will be groomed.

As OSM is not directly suitable for live-ski-trail-condition monitoring, this will allow rendering maps that have a static way of depicting ski-trails that will be more likely to be in the best shape under less fortunate snow conditions. One example of a such map in Norway use different line widths for this.

Start counting from first priority and downwards. Assume the priority is relative within each area.

Key	Value	Description: Expected grooming schedule
piste:grooming:priority	1	Daily, or nearly daily.
	2	Daily if snowing. At least weekly, typically before every weekend.
	3	Semi-weekly. Probably before weekends. Not when less snow, early/late in the season.
	4	Every other week. Maybe three days or more after snow before groomed.
	5	Only when lots of snow, or for events only.
	6	Very rarely groomed

Road crossings

Where a ski trail and a road intersect, the skier may need to remove their skis to cross the road.

Mapped on the node where a piste and road intersect.

Key	Value	Description
piste:dismount	yes	Ski equipment must be taken off to cross the road. For example: a crossing of a cleared main road.
	sometimes	Depending on conditions, removal of skis may be required. For example in mid-winter a crossing is snow covered, but in spring it is not.
	no	The crossing can be skied across without damage to equipment. This is the default value.

Ski resorts

landuse=winter_sports

site=piste

landuse=winter_sports specifica le aree dedicate allo sci o agli sport invernali in generale. Ciò include principalmente stazioni sciistiche complete, in alcuni casi una singola piccola area come un poligono di tiro per il biathlon o una singola pista viene mappata con questo tag.

Queste aree sono anche contrassegnate con landuse=recreation_ground + sport=skiing o leisure=sports_centre + sport=skiing.

Tuttavia, spesso una tipica stazione sciistica presenta molte piste lunghe che si estendono su una vasta area e non è adatta per essere mappata con una singola area. In alternativa, le stazioni sciistiche complete con tutte le strutture associate potrebbero anche essere mappate con una relazione site=piste.

Ski lifts

aerialway=

For the lift itself, draw a way along the route of the cable, and set the aerialway=* tag on this way. Some lift types imply oneway=yes (drawn upward), while any two-way lift should be tagged oneway=no. Besides this shortened overview, aerialway=* describes the values in more detail and also further values like zip_line that are uncommon for winter sports.

Key	Value	Element	Description	Example	Icon
aerialway	cable_car		A cablecar or tramway. Just one or two large cars. The cable forms a loop, but the cars do not loop around, they just move up and down on their own side.
	gondola		A gondola lift. Many cars go around in a circle on a looped cable.
	chair_lift		A chairlift. Looped cable with a series of single chairs or benches without closed cabins but exposed to the open air or having a bubble protecting only a part of the body. Implies oneway=yes; where passengers can be carried in the reverse direction, tag with oneway=no.
	mixed_lift		A mixed or hybrid lift, containing both gondolas and chairs.
	drag_lift		A surface lift with tow-line, usually around 4 meters overhead of skiers and riders. Better use one of the more specific values t-bar, j-bar or platter if possible.
	t-bar		A T-bar lift with carriers for two persons. Implies oneway=yes and aerialway:occupancy=2.
	j-bar		A J- or L-bar lift, like T-bar but just on one side thus single-person only. Implies oneway=yes and aerialway:occupancy=1.
	platter		Platter lift, similar to a J-bar, but with a disc instead of a bar. Single-person only. Implies oneway=yes and aerialway:occupancy=1. In discussion whether a platter lift is an aerialway or not. Alternate tag piste:lift=platter can be used instead.
	rope_tow		A rope tow with a line that passengers hold by hand or tow grabbers. Implies oneway=yes.
	magic_carpet		A magic carpet. Implies oneway=yes.
	pylon		Supporting tower for an aerialway. May be numbered with ref=*.
	station		For stations where passengers can enter and/or leave the aerialway. May be in the middle of a way (mid), shall be at both ends of the lift's way (top and bottom). Combine with ele=*		●

Railways going up a hill are discussed and proposed separately: railway=incline.

Aerialway attributes

The start and end nodes of a way tagged as a lift are assumed to be a station. These nodes may have their elevation documented with ele=*. Additional information should be tagged on the way (of the lift). Access may also depend on transport type (ski/foot/bicycle/etc.):

Key	Value	Element	Description	Example	Photo
Wired ways
aerialway:occupancy	People in each carriage (car, chair, etc.); numeric.		aerialway=j-bar, platter and rope_tow imply aerialway:occupancy=1 and aerialway=t-bar implies aerialway:occupancy=2.
aerialway:capacity	People per hour; numeric.			aerialway:capacity=2600
aerialway:duration	Minutes; numeric.		Average/typical time for journey on that lift.
aerialway:detachable	yes no		Specifies whether the aerialway has a detachable grip (yes) or a fixed grip (no). Especially significant for chairlifts. By default, aerialway=gondola, chair_lift, and mixed_lift imply yes, while cable_car, t-bar, j-bar, platter, rope_tow, and magic_carpet imply no.
aerialway:bubble	yes no (default)		If each carriage has a (retractable) transparent cover to provide weather protection. Only common for aerialway=chair_lift.
aerialway:heating	yes no (default)		If each carriage has heating.
aerialway:bicycle	yes summer no		If bicycles are allowed in carriages: all year round; in summer, or not at all. By default, aerialway=cable_car, gondola, and mixed_lift imply yes, and chair_lift and t-bar imply no.
oneway	yes no -1		If the aerialway can be used in both directions, or only one.
Stations
aerialway:access	entry exit both no		Main article: conditional restrictions The access allowed to carriages at this node, entry means it is possible to board the lift here, exit means it is possible to disembark, both means both are possible (often the case for aerialway=cable_car and gondola), and no means neither are possible (useful for beginning and ending nodes if the implicit assumption of being an entry or exit station is incorrect). Add :summer or :winter subkeys where seasonal rules apply (often, in winter, only ascending is allowed).
aerialway:summer:access aerialway:winter:access	entry exit both no		The access as above, but only during "summer". Similarly for "winter". Use no in all stations if the aerialway is not operated at all during summer.

This table is a wiki template with a default description in English. Editable here.

Tags to use in combination:

• name=*
• operator=*
• ref=*
• seasonal:summer=yes/no
• seasonal:winter=yes/no
• foot=* - pedestrians allowed?
• website=*
• min_age=*

Other

Snow production plants

• Snow cannon, man_made=snow_cannon, and optionally, snow_cannon (valued, for example, fan or lance)

Routes

• route=ski shall be replaced by route=piste combined with piste:type=nordic
• route=piste (has a wider range of values for piste:type=* consistent with the Piste Maps Proposal)

Rental

• Sled rental, rental=sled or amenity=sled_rental
• Ski rental, rental=ski or amenity=ski_rental
• A shop=ski may also offer ski:rental=* or snowboard:rental=*

Amenities and related sports

• Ski center, building=yes and information=visitor_centre, tourism=information, add shop=ticket and toilets=yes if available
• Ski school, building=yes and amenity=ski_school
• Ticket office, shop=ticket, or modify office=travel_agent proposal for general ticket sale
• Mountain restaurant, amenity=restaurant, and building=yes
• Mountain rescue and ski patrol, emergency=mountain_rescue
• Mountain hut/refuge/lean-to, amenity=shelter
• Bobsleigh track, sport=bobsleigh
• Piste maps/skiing maps, tourism=information and information=map and ski=yes
• Ski playgrounds, leisure=ski_playground
• Avalanche transceiver checkpoint and training zone, amenity=avalanche_transceiver

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