Beginners Guide 1.3
Warning for Chinese users
According to the relevant laws, drawing a map inside China without a valid certificate, or drawing a map of any region of China outside China without permission are illegal behaviours, and as a result China-related map data might be incompatible with the Free License.
Editing Overview
Here is how OSM data editing works.
- Optionally, you go outdoors and collect information.
- You edit the OSM data using an editor. Once you are happy with your changes, you upload them to the OSM servers in what's known as a "changeset".
- Various consumers (services, companies, navigation apps, users, researchers, etc.) download the data from the OSM servers and use it.
- Many consumers convert the raw data into tile maps. This is known as rendering.
Understanding OSM Data
The elements
Let's talk about the structure of the OSM data. The data is made of elements.
Nodes are dots used to mark locations. Nodes can be separate or can be connected.
Ways are a connected line of nodes. Used to create roads, paths, rivers, and so on.
Closed ways are ways that form a closed loop. Usually form areas.
Areas are closed ways which are also filled. An area is usually implied when making a closed way.
Relation can be used to create more complex shapes, or to represent elements that are related but not physically connected. We won't get into this now. See the "advanced topics" section for more info.
All these elements can carry tags.
Tags
- Main article: tags
An element can have tags. A tag is a key=value pair describing what the element is. For instance, mapping a mobile phone store can be done by creating a node, and adding the following tags: shop=mobile_phone. name=John Smith's phone centre. Here are some more examples:
- A parking lot can be a closed way tagged with
amenity=parking - A building can be a closed way tagged with
building=yes - A residential road can be a way tagged with
highway=residential. - A McDonald's branch can be a node tagged with
amenity=fast_food,brand=McDonald's,name=McDonald's
Some editors, including JOSM and ID, have "presets". The user clicks a button and fills a form, and the editor applies the proper tags to the element automatically. This can be far easier for beginners than working with raw tags, but it doesn't cover all existing tags. Please note that as beginner, you don't have to dig too deep into precise tagging schemes thanks to presets, but knowing a bit about tags is very helpful. Feel free to skim through the rest of this section if you're in a hurry.
Most tag keys and values have their own dedicated page on this Wiki that explains how to use them. Search for what you're trying to map using the search bar and you may find the appropriate tag. If you fail to find it, feel free to ask others for help. Some tags can be used for nodes, ways, and relations. Others can only be used on nodes or ways. A tag's page usually explains this. Also, please note that some countries have local tagging conventions. Consult your country's Wiki page.
Tagging rules and conventions change with time. These conventions are decided by the community through common usage, voting, and discussion at talk:tagging. Here is a list of important tag keys that you should be aware of. Most editors have helpful presets that will help you get started easily, without knowing tags in depth. But knowing the basics certainly helps.
Note that many keys, like Key:building or Key:amenity will make OSM automatically assume a closed way when it should be an area. It is relatively uncommon to create an area explicitly (using an area=yes tag on a closed way).
Important tag keys
- Key:highway - For tagging highways, roads, paths, footways, cycleways, bus stops, etc.
- Key:place - Used for tagging countries, cities, towns, villages, etc.
- Key:amenity - Used for tagging useful amenities like restaurants, drinking water spots, parking lots, etc.
- Key:shop - Used for tagging shops that you buy products from.
- Key:building - Used for tagging buildings.
- Key:landuse - Used for tagging land being used by humans.
- Key:natural - Used for tagging natural land like woods.
Learn the basics of an editor
- Main article: Editors
- Main article: Comparison of editors
Adding, removing, and editing OSM elements requires an editor. There are many editors. You should start with one of the three major editors. Before continuing this guide, please choose an editor, and at least learn the usage basics. Information about each editor can be found by clicking on it. The iD editor and Potlatch 2 have built-in usage guides. JOSM has a beginner guide here.
Desktop
Mobile
Go Map!! is the most popular iOS editor.
StreetComplete is an Android app that allows to easily add information. Low barrier to entry, no OpenStreetMap knowledge or experience is needed (beyond creating an account). Is not intended as a general purpose editor, only adding of predefined data to an existing objects and answering notes is available.
Every Door is an Android and iOS app that lets you create and edit objects in OpenStreetMap. It supports editing node and polygon features, and creating point features like shops, benches, and building entrances.
There are also smartphone editing-capable apps like OsmAnd, Maps.Me and Vespucci. These allow you to survey and edit the map on the spot, but they are less convenient and less flexible than a desktop editor and won't be discussed in this guide.
Now that you know the basics of how to use an editor, it's time to learn some mapping and data collection techniques.