Zh-hant:詞彙表

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Glossary - Other languages

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這是所有你在開放街圖中可能會遇到的技術名詞或專有名詞，如果你是初來乍到的新人，不管你單純是開放街圖使用者，或是想為這個開源地圖，或這個維基貢獻的志願者，這裡對你來說應該非常有用。

註：開放街圖的專有名詞與術語太多了，這裡也永遠不可能把所有的名詞都完整列出來，如果你遇到了你不懂的術語，而且在這邊找不到，你可以試著直接搜尋標題。另外，如果你願意，你也可以協助擴充這個詞彙表，並盡量讓詞彙的解釋控制在兩行內。

ㄅ · ㄈ · ㄉ · ㄊ · ㄌ · ㄍ · ㄎ · ㄐ · ㄑ · ㄒ · ㄗ · ㄨ · ㄩ · 英


ㄅ

  • 標記：
  • 標籤：
  • 標註：
  • 變更集：由同一個圖客在一段較短的時間所做的編輯。
  • 編輯器：可以編輯開放街圖的軟體。
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ㄈ

  • 封閉路徑：一條首尾相接的路徑。一個封閉路徑可以代表一個環狀的特徵，如圓環；也可以代表一個區域，如湖泊。
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ㄉ

  • 地籍：一種記錄土地使用情形的地圖，包含一塊土地的所有權、面積、用途等。
  • 地址編碼器：一種可以將文字（如地址）轉成地理座標的軟體。
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ㄊ

  • 圖客：協助繪製開放街圖的志願者。
  • 圖徵：地圖上任何有意義、抽象的標記。通常每個圖徵會對應到現實生活中的某個特徵。
  • 圖層：表示圖徵在地圖上的高低順序，用來區分重疊的圖徵，比如橋樑與其下的河道。
  • 特徵：地圖上的圖徵在現實生活中對應到的實體。可以是一個行政區、一條高速公路、或是一座噴泉。
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ㄌ

  • 路徑：開放街圖的基本元素之一，用來代表一個線狀圖徵。
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ㄍ

  • 軌跡紀錄：一種儲存接收器如何隨著時間移動的檔案。通常會是一系列的地理座標資訊形成的一條路徑。
  • 貢獻者：為任何開放街圖的專案貢獻的志願者。（就是你！）
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ㄏ

  • 繪圖：使用編輯器繪製地圖。
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ㄐ

  • 基金會：開放街圖基金會。
  • 幾何中心：一個區域的中心位置，地圖渲染器通常會將區域的名稱繪製在此處。幾何中心並不一定位於該區域內，詳情請參見[W] 幾何中心。
  • 伽利略定位系統：由歐洲太空總署管理的衛星導航系統。
  • 接收器：接收衛星導航訊號的裝置。
  • 節點：開放街圖的基本元素之一，用來代表一個點狀圖徵。
  • 鍵值對：一種標示資料的方法，鍵代表一種資訊的主題，值代表實際的資訊。比如說 building=school 指的是這筆資料的建築類別是學校。有時候鍵值對也會以 k=鍵 v=值 的形式表示。
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ㄑ

  • 區域：一個由頭尾相接的路徑圍成的封閉範圍。用來表示有面積的特徵，如公園、建築等。
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ㄒ

  • 興趣面：一塊在地圖中顯示的區域。在一些繪圖計畫中也泛指該計畫所關注的範圍。
  • 興趣點：一個在地圖上顯示的地標。任何商家、機構、景點都是一個興趣點，包含許多與該對應特徵相關的資訊，如名稱、位置等。

ㄗ

  • 資料庫：儲存開放街圖所有地圖資料的場所。技術上來說，它是跑在多個伺服器上的 PostgreSQL 架構，可以使用 API 來存取其中的資料。
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ㄨ

  • 無調查製圖：指坐在電腦桌前，沒有出外踏查的繪圖方式。通常要有空拍影像的協助才有辦法執行。
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ㄩ

  • 原始型別：元素的舊稱。
  • 元素：開放街圖資料儲存的基本元件。包含節點、路徑與關聯。

英

  • API：Application Programming Interface，應用程式介面。指的是可以與開放街圖的資料庫互動的程式介面，這個介面遵從 REST 架構。
  • ATYL：Any tags you like，隨想隨標。一種可以讓使用者發明可驗證的標籤的準則。
  • Carto：OSM Carto 的簡稱。
  • CWG：Communication Working Group，通訊工作組。是開放街圖基金會中的一個委員會，負責處理當今的事務，並產出開放街圖基金會的未來目標。
  • DWG：Data Working Group，資料工作組。是開放街圖基金會中的一個委員會，負責處理侵權、破壞等行為。
  • EWG：Engineering Working Group，工程工作組。是開放街圖基金會中的一個委員會，負責軟體開發的相關事務。
  • GIS：Geographic Information System，地理資訊系統。用於儲存、查詢、分析地理資料的電腦系統。
  • GLONASS：由前蘇聯開發的衛星導航系統，現由俄羅斯維護。這個系統在高緯度的精確度較高。
  • GNSS：Global Navigation Satellite System，全球衛星導航系統。利用環繞地球的衛星來計算地面接收器的地理位置的裝置，其中最有名的是 GPS。
  • GPS：Global Positioning System，全球定位系統。由美國政府管理。
  • GPX：GPS Exchange Formap，GPS 交換格式。一種以 XML 表示定位資料的檔案格式，開放街圖的伺服器也支援這類檔案的匯入。
  • HOT：Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team，人道救援開放街圖小組。一個運用開源和開放資料原則在人道救援和經濟發展的全球社群。
  • id：每個開放街圖的元素都會擁有的唯一編號。
  • iD：一個在瀏覽器上運作的開放街圖編輯器。
  • Java：依據上下文可能有下列不同含意
    • Java 執行環境：執行 Java 語言的環境。
    • Java（程式語言）：一種程式語言。JOSM 與 Osmosis 都是使用 Java 撰寫的。
  • JOSM：使用 Java 撰寫的開放街圖編輯器，由 Imi 開發。
  • Licensing：Licensing Working Group，版權工作組。是開放街圖基金會中的一個委員會，負責版權與法律相關事務。
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J

  • Java may refer to these terms:
  • Java Applet : In an OpenStreetMap context you may hear mention of "the java applet" referring to a very old Editing interface which used to appear on the OpenStreetMap.org site superseded by Potlatch and then iD.
  • JOSM : The Java OpenStreetMap editor. It is a map viewing and editing tool written by Imi. It will run on most computers and allows a user to view, edit and upload data to the OpenStreetMap database.

K

  • key=value (also k=something v=something else; key/value pair) : Databases are arranged using "keys" (categories of information) and "values" (specific information). E.g., an object in the database may have the data building=school. Here there is a category of objects, buildings, that are denoted by the key building. The value school further specifies the object by indicating what type of building it is. Sometimes key=value is represented in the form k=building v=school, which is closer to the XML representation.

L

  • Layer : Is used to describe the relative height of map features, to separate different parts of style sheets, a way to show different things in JOSM, etc.
  • Licence : Usually the User Licence, the terms under which anyone can use OSM and its data. Sometimes refers to the Contributor Terms under which contributors licence their work to OSM and to the world in general.
  • Local traffic : Vehicles whose destination or point of origin is in the given area.
  • LWG : Licensing Working Group a committee of the OSM Foundation dealing with licencing and legal matters.

M

  • 'The map' : Strictly, the database (unreadable by humans) of all OSM data. Also used in the conventional sense, i.e., a visual representation of real-world geography. (Check the context.)
  • Map features : Physical features on the ground, that are represented in OSM.
  • Mapping : Ambiguous, but many of us use it anyway:
  • Mapnik : A GIS library; ie, a collection of computer code that does things like reprojecting and rendering geo-spatial data. OSM uses Mapnik to generate tiles for the slippy map.
  • Markup : A very simple computer language that allows an author to use special characters (e.g., ' / < >) to tell a computer how to display some text. Many different markup systems are in use across different OSM channels: it's optional, so don't let it put you off contributing!
  • Multipolygon or multipolygon relation : a relation composed of many polygons.
  • MUTCD: The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. The standard for traffic signs in the United States, with counterparts in several other countries, which differs markedly from the Vienna Convention.
  • MWG : Membership Working Group, a committee of the OpenStreetMap Foundation that deals with the membership register and fees, as well as promoting membership.

N

  • NMEA : Format used to represent data collected by GPS units.
  • Node : The simplest object in the database, consisting of a "point" with an ID, a latitude and a longitude. Nodes can also have tags.
  • note : a comment that can be added to the map on the home page to inform of an error or something missing on the map

O

  • Object : Often used synonymously with OpenStreetMap "Elements" (Nodes, Ways & Relations. See above.), but can also refer to other technical concepts (ambiguous).
  • OGC : The Open Geospatial Consortium (http://www.opengeospatial.org/). A non-profit body that defines standards for the use and storage of geospatial data.
  • Open : We try to do everything in the spirit of openness. Our maps are "open" in that anyone can use them (licensing issues notwithstanding), anyone can see how they were created, anyone can participate in that process. In addition most of our software is Open Source, meaning that software developers can participate in developing the project in that way.
  • Open Source : Software created in the spirit of openness, and with its source code open for downloading, modifying, and redistributing (for free). To avoid confusion, please don't refer to it as OS!
  • Operating System : Software such as Linux, Mac OS X, Windows or Solaris for low level management of a computer system. Hand-held devices also have one. To avoid confusion, please don't refer to it as OS!
  • Ordnance Survey : UK government mapping agency, with extremely detailed maps collected and funded by the taxpayer... and then sold back to them at prohibitively expensive prices. To avoid confusion, please don't refer to it as OS!
  • OS : May refer to any of three different things: "Open Source", "Operating System", and (in the UK) "Ordnance Survey".
  • OSGeo : The Open Source Geospatial Foundation. Promotes the development and use of Open Source, community-based Geospatial software.
  • OSM : OpenStreetMap. This whole project. See About.
  • OSMF : OpenStreetMap Foundation, a registered not-for-profit company which supports the OpenStreetMap project and serves as its legal identity.
  • .osm : The XML format that is produced by the OSM server. It is used for communication with the API and also for the weekly Planet dumps.
  • OSM Carto : The 'standard' rendering of the map used on the website openstreetmap.org. NB not an 'official' rendering (there isn't one), but influential nevertheless.
  • Overpass : See following entries.
  • Overpass API : A read-only API allowing a human being to interface with the database. Usually used for error-checking or other analysis by contributors.
  • Overpass Turbo : A web-based data filtering tool for OpenStreetMap.
  • Overpass Turbo Wizard : A tool that lets you build Overpass queries more easily than writing the query yourself.
  • OWG : Operations Working Group a committee of the OpenStreetMap Foundation that deals with the running and budgeting of the OSMF servers.

P

  • Parameter : [stub]
  • Parcel : (legal or official) A piece of land with defined boundaries. Parcel data may be available from governments to help with mapping.
  • Planet.osm : An osm format file that contains all of the nodes, relations and ways that are stored in the OSM database.
  • Plugin (JOSM term): A smaller piece of software that expands the capabilities of a larger application, in this case, JOSM.
  • Preset: A user-customised list of tags from a pre-existing category, that can be quickly added to an element during editing. (Used in JOSM and iD alike, in slightly different ways.)
  • Projection: A method of translating the roughly spherical surface of the earth to a flat display. The standard projection of OSM material is Plate Carree (no transformation, EPSG:4326). The standard projection for rendering OSM data onto map tiles is Spherical Mercator (EPSG:900913)
  • Protocol : The API.

Q

  • Query: If you want information from a human being, you ask them a question. If you want information from a database you send it a query.
  • Query language (QL): Computers don't speak human, so your queries must be sent in a language the computer understands: in OSM this is usually Overpass QL. Queries consist of a limited set of pre-defined operations which a query server can use to locate data which meet certain criteria.

R

  • Redaction: Removing from view data where the user did not agree to the new OpenStreetMap contributor terms and license change to Open Database License (ODBL). See [1]
  • regex or regular expression : Roughly, a pattern. These are used in a database query when you want to find any and all strings that match the pattern you specify.
  • Ref : a Tag used to enter reference numbers to objects, usually from official sources. For example, all parts of the motorway that runs from London to Cambridge get the tag "ref=M11" see Map_Features on the wiki.
  • Relation : A group of Elements that together behave as if they were a single Element. Each discrete Element is assigned a 'role' within the larger Relation.
  • REST : Web development paradigm which we adopt with our protocol interface (API). It means we make objects available at unique URLs, and follow standard use of HTTP protocol features.
  • Revert: may refer both for undoing deletions and partial or complete changeset rollbacks
  • Router : A service/device for working out a route between two geographical points using OSM or other map data (often for use as a navigation aid).
  • Rendering (noun) : A visual representation of the database (which is itself a coded representation of 'on-the-ground' features). One set of data can be presented (rendered) in different ways: e.g., using different colours and fonts, or showing/suppressing different features.
  • Rendering (verb) : The process of turning raw geospatial data into a human-usable form. Usually the that form is a visual representation: a 'map' in ordinary language.
  • Renderer : Any piece of software that renders the map database into usable form. Usually this means as image files analogous to a traditional paper map, but routers and other specialist software are also renderers.
  • The Rails Port : OSM core components: The protocol interface (API) and the front end website components are often referred to as as "The Rails Port" because there was a large development effort to migrate the software to the Ruby on Rails web development framework. Prior to this, the OSM internals were implemented as a standalone program in the Ruby language.

S

  • Segment : Segments were an element in old versions of the OSM API.
  • SiRFstar III : A GPS chipset by SiRF Technologies.
  • Slippy map : The word 'slippy' (rather than 'static') is used to highlight that a map image can be dragged around allowing a user to see what's off the edge of the display.
  • SotM : The State of the Map is the annual, international conference of OpenStreetMap, organised by the OpenStreetMap Foundation. Also the name for local conferences, organised by local teams and not the OSMF. An example of this is SotM Europe.
  • String : Any sequence of letters and numbers that a computer program treats as a unit. May have a natural language meaning, a computer language meaning, both, or neither.
  • Survey
  • SVG : Scaleable Vector Grapics. XML format for representing vector graphics. SVG maps can exported using the export tab, or created by Osmarender.

T

  • Tag : A representation of an attribute of some object in terms that a database can store. Each tag is a key=value pair. E.g., if a gate is open to all traffic, it can be tagged access=yes. Tagging describes adding tags to elements.
  • Tagging scheme : (also schema) An established system for tagging a particular class of object. The Seamark Tagging Schema is a good example - although other schemes are much less complex than that one.
  • Talk page : A page for talking about a "main" page. E.g., this page is the Glossary. To talk about what's here, you can visit Talk:Glossary. Not to be confused with a User Talk page (see under "U").
  • Template : In the Wiki, a template is a piece of wiki markup that makes text display (render) in a special way (e.g., it may be in a different font). Using a template on a page is called "transcluding" a template: not only is it included, but it can later be changed centrally across (trans) all pages where it is found. See the MediaWiki manual: mw:Help:Templates
  • Tiles : Small image files that make up the slippy map. So called because of their arrangement in a grid.
  • Trace : (noun) Usually refers to a GPS trace (otherwise known a "GPS Track", see Recording GPS tracks), as on the website: traces. For the verb, see Tracing.
  • Tracing : (1) Following features visible in aerial imagery to add objects to the map (e.g. "tracing a building outline"); (2) Creating traces with a GPS receiver.
  • Transclude : See Template.
  • Track : (1) a "GPS track" (see Recording GPS tracks); (2) a type of footpath / rough road (see Track)
  • Tracklog : Yet another word for meaning the same as a GPS track / trace.
  • Transit traffic : vehicles which are only passing through a given area without stopping in it.

U

  • User ID : Strictly, an OSM user's unique identification number. May also refer to a user's User name. Every OSM user has one of each: the numerical user IDs are usually hidden, but are used in some downstream services as a more reliable identifier (they can't be changed).
  • User name (also "Display name") : The name you use to log in to OpenStreetMap. It also appears on your profile page, and in your profile page URL.
  • User talk page : A place where others can talk to you, in public, by posting messages to your personal page. The page address is User talk:<YourUsername>. Don't confuse it with a Talk page: see above under "T".

V

  • Validator : Person or programme that detects mapping errors made by other mappers.
  • Value : The second part of a tag, which goes under a "key". See key=value.
  • Vienna Convention: The Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals, which regulates traffic signs in many countries, especially in Europe.

W

  • Way : Technically, an ordered list of one or more Nodes in the database, used to represent a linear feature or an area. Ways are continuous (they cannot have breaks) and non-branching. In more everyday language, a 'way' is a line on the map, which has various properties depending on the tags added to it. (It need not be a 'way' that you can travel along: a fence, for example, is represented by a way with the tag barrier=fence.)
  • wiki : (noun) A website that anyone can edit, not just someone "official". See also here.
  • "Wiki, The" : This website, wiki.openstreetmap.org. The main reference point for information on everything in OSM. Mostly describes best/accepted practice but not always, and definitely not 'the last word'.
  • WGS84 : The geodetic datum that GPS is based upon. All geodata in OSM uses WGS84. This can be very different for geodata gathered from other sources. For example the Royal Observatory in Greenwich is at 0°0'0"E in the ellipsoid for OS maps, but at 0°0'5"W in WGS84.

X

  • XML : eXtensible Markup Language, a markup language that is used for encoding information in documents.

See also

External resources

Warning: Default sort key "Glossary" overrides earlier default sort key "詞彙表".

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