Proposal:Defensive structures

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Defensive structures
Proposal status: Approved (active)
Proposed by: 501ghost
Tagging: defensive_works=*
Applies to: node Nodes, way Ways, area Areas
Definition: Military constructions or buildings designed for the defence of territories in warfare
Statistics:

Draft started: 2021-07-02
RFC start: 2021-07-06 2021-11-10
Vote start: 2022-01-04
Vote end: 2022-01-18
File:Vestingwerken schema.svg
Scheme of a (non-existent) fortress according to the bastioned system with the most important parts and preliminary works depicted. Details can be found here.

Proposal

This proposal introduces defensive_works=* to tag individual defensive structures mainly at historic/pre-modern 创建缩略图出错：fortifications. It is intended for all structures that were built for the defence of territories in warfare. This includes fortified settlements as well as forts that are/were uninhabited during peacetime.

Values for defensive_works=* contain terms used in fortification engineering (see #Tagging).

defensive_works=* is intended to be used in combination with existing tags. Although it may technically make a few existing tags redundant, no deprecation of any tag is proposed and mappers are encouraged to use existing tags and defensive_works=* in conjunction.

Rationale

Although fortifications are a common sight in many parts of the world, the structures that shape them still lack a dedicated tagging scheme in OpenStreetMap. Some structures are mistagged to achieve rendering (example) and many others are currently not tagged at all.

The proposed tagging scheme provides new possibilities to tag named defensive structures, which often have historic value and may even be cultural heritage sites. Having notable historic value is, however, not a requirement for the use of defensive_works=*.

How to map

Individual defensive works should be mapped as node Nodes at their centre, as way Ways along a centre line or as area Areas along the outlines. The best fitting method depends on the size and shape of the structure. They should be tagged with defensive_works=* and may receive additional tags.

Tagging

The following tags for defensive structures are proposed:

Key Value Description Statistics (Taginfo) Sample photo
defensive_works barbican A 创建缩略图出错：barbican

File:Barbakan Krakow z ulicy Basztowej 2.jpg
defensive_works bastion A 创建缩略图出错：bastion

File:Komárno - Castle.jpg
defensive_works battery The location of a 创建缩略图出错：fixed artillery battery

File:Battery Ledyard Angel Island.JPG
defensive_works batardeau A [W]batardeau[1]

File:PL Batardeau 2015.JPG
defensive_works caponier A 创建缩略图出错：caponier

File:Gorazda fortress ditch and caponier.jpg
defensive_works cavalier A 创建缩略图出错：cavalier

File:Malta - Birgu - Ix-Xatt tal-Birgu - Fort Saint Angelo (MSTHC) 02 ies.jpg
defensive_works counterguard A 创建缩略图出错：counterguard

File:Rochapea1.JPG
defensive_works counterscarp A 创建缩略图出错：counterscarp

File:Antwerpen Schansstraat fort VIII, reduit met droge gracht en contrescarp (links) - 391094 - onroerenderfgoed.jpg
defensive_works couvreface A 创建缩略图出错：couvreface

File:Maastricht, Linie van Du Moulin, droge gracht tussen couvreface Du Moulin & bastion Stadhouder 1.JPG
defensive_works curtain_wall A 创建缩略图出错：curtain wall

File:Courtine dame blanche.JPG
defensive_works glacis A 创建缩略图出错：glacis

File:Glacis field jersey.JPG
defensive_works hornwork A 创建缩略图出错：hornwork

File:Nicpmi-01514-1-birgu fortifications hornwork of the post of castile.jpg
defensive_works inundation_sluice A 创建缩略图出错：sluice made for 创建缩略图出错：military inundation

File:Fort Everdingen Inundatiesluis.JPG
defensive_works moat A 创建缩略图出错：moat that historically provided a fortification with a preliminary line of defence.

For moats filled with water, add the tags natural=water and water=moat.

File:Dourdan castle dry moat.jpg
defensive_works motte A 创建缩略图出错：motte

File:Launceston Castle - geograph.org.uk - 22242.jpg
defensive_works ravelin A 创建缩略图出错：ravelin

File:Vestingwerken P1060601.JPG
defensive_works redan A 创建缩略图出错：redan

File:Redan Naxxar 3.jpeg
defensive_works reduit A 创建缩略图出错：reduit

File:Reduit.JPG`
defensive_works water_gate A 创建缩略图出错：water gate

File:Newport Castle.jpg
defensive_works User-defined Use technical terms in fortification engineering.[2][3][4][5] All commonly used values according to Taginfo File:Table of Fortification, Cyclopaedia, Volume 1.jpg

Tags to use in combination

  • name=* - if a defensive structure is named. Do not use the name of the fortification to tag individual structures.
  • heritage=* - if the structure has a heritage status. If only the entire fortification has a heritage status, do not use heritage tags for individual structures.
  • building=bunker - if the structure is a 创建缩略图出错：bunker
  • start_date=* - year of completion
  • abandoned=yes - if the structure has been abandoned and shows signs of decay
  • disused=yes - if the structure is disused
  • ruins=yes - if the structure is in ruins

Examples

The examples below serve to illustrate how a defensive_works=* tag can be used along other tags. Please keep in mind that neither the current nor the proposed tagging combinations are definitive.

Porte de Beaulieu, France
Key Value
defensive_works water_gate
historic city_gate
name Porte de Beaulieu
wikidata Q108001357
wikipedia fr:Porte de Beaulieu
Reduit Fort Vechten, The Netherlands
Key Value
building bunker
building:material brick
defensive_works reduit
heritage 2
heritage:operator rce
name Reduit Fort Vechten
ref:rce 5321254
roof:material grass
start_date 1869
Counterguard at Fort Ricasoli, Malta
Key Value
Current tagging
barrier city_wall
historic citywalls
landuse fortification
name Counterguard
Proposed tagging
barrier city_wall
defensive_works counterguard
historic citywalls

barrier=city_wall and historic=citywalls may be considered redundant in this case, as the counterguard is part of Fort Ricasoli rather than any city.

Museo del Revellín, Spain
Key Value
Current tagging
building castle
castle_type fortress
historic castle
name Museo del Revellín
tourism museum
Proposed tagging
building castle
defensive_works ravelin
name Museo del Revellín
tourism museum

The proposal author advises against the use of historic=castle and castle_type=fortress here. The ravelin is only a part of a larger fortification, and adding these tags to it may give the impression that there are multiple fortresses instead of one.

Bastion of Santo Domingo, Colombia
Key Value
Current tagging
historic citywalls
name Baluarte de Santo Domingo
tourism attraction
Proposed tagging
defensive_works bastion
historic citywalls
name Baluarte de Santo Domingo
name:en Bastion of Santo Domingo
tourism attraction
wikidata Q28969683

This feature may be integrated into the Cartagena City Walls.

Diagrams

Features/Pages affected

Create these pages

Mention the approved key on these pages

Similar and related tags

External discussions

Voting

Voting closed

Voting on this proposal has been closed.

It was approved with 18 votes for, 2 votes against and 3 abstentions.

Hi SimonPoole. As I've written in #How to map, a man_made=defensive_works tag is not being proposed, and other additional tags are generally optional. Although defensive works are man-made structures by definition, I have chosen to propose them in a separate key, as fortification engineering is a broad and distinct topic that has very little overlap with existing main feature tags. I also didn't classify defensive structures as historic=* objects, because not all of them have notable historic value. If you have any further questions or comments, please add them to the discussion page. --501ghost (talk) 15:22, 6 January 2022 (UTC)
So, to be clear, you are proposing a new top level tag. I don't believe the argument with respect to "historic" is valid, there is no requirement for objects mapped that way to be of wider significance. So for example historic=defensive_works for historic facilities and military=defensive_works for such that are still in use would make a lot more sense than introducing new top level objects.
I have thought about historic=defensive_works and military=defensive_works as main tags, but this would have led to a redundant duplication of defensive_works tags and is not always applicable, for example for defensive works operated by organisations outside the military. As you say, I have instead opted to use the defensive_works=* key itself as the way to categorise the different tags. --501ghost (talk) 15:42, 6 January 2022 (UTC)
Final note using an existing object hierarchy, instead of unnecessarily creating a new one at least gives you a certain chance of the tagging being supported at least a bit, doing your own thing just means it is going to be widely ignored. SimonPoole (talk) 23:52, 8 January 2022 (UTC)
  • 创建缩略图出错： I approve this proposal. --EneaSuper (talk) 11:31, 9 January 2022 (UTC)
  • 创建缩略图出错： I oppose this proposal. In my opinion, mapping such structure in current conflict zones shouldn't be encouraged, therefore it should be made clear from start (and top tag) that this is intended for historical context only. Beyond that, thank you for the detailed documentation. --Claire Halleux (talk) 11:47, 9 January 2022 (UTC)
Would adding Template:Mapping Military Sites to related pages solve this issue for you? --501ghost (talk) 16:07, 9 January 2022 (UTC)
As I read it, historic=* is intended for objects with notable historic value, which is not always the case for individual structures within a larger fortification. I decided against using fortification_type=* as it is a sub-tag of historic=archaeological_site, which is rarely applicable for defensive works. --501ghost (talk) 16:07, 9 January 2022 (UTC)
  • 创建缩略图出错： I have comments but abstain from voting on this proposal. Have not reviewed it, and while mapping modern military installation can be tricky and problematic it is not something that should be generally forbidden (for example see mapping clearly visible things around Korean Demilitarized Zone). Though historic=* in practice is not only for ones with significant or notable historical value. --Mateusz Konieczny (talk) 13:28, 9 January 2022 (UTC)
  • 创建缩略图出错： I approve this proposal. --AntMadeira (talk) 13:33, 9 January 2022 (UTC)
  • 创建缩略图出错： I approve this proposal. --Reino Baptista (talk) 19:09, 9 January 2022 (UTC)
  • 创建缩略图出错： I have comments but abstain from voting on this proposal. I'm mostly fine with this, but I do think there should always be a top level tag, whether it's a building (i.e. building=bunker), a barrier (barrier=city_wall), or man_made/historic/military=defensive_works (maybe grouping objects together in a relation?) --Famlam (talk) 09:52, 11 January 2022 (UTC)
  • 创建缩略图出错： I approve this proposal. This is extremely well planned. I think this might encourage mapping of this type of things in areas of conflict wich I think is good especially when it is on an open map for everyone to see. --Aaro Hart (talk) 21:28, 17 January 2022 (UTC)
  • 创建缩略图出错： I approve this proposal. Is a proper solution to add details to these structures. Fits other tagging schemes where specific tags can add additional information to more then just a single top level tag. Well done.--Bert Araali (talk) 12:21, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

References

  1. ↑ https://books.google.nl/books?id=6gc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA122
  2. ↑ https://books.google.nl/books?id=6gc0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR41-IA1#v=onepage&q&f=false
  3. ↑ https://books.google.nl/books?id=AUFYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=false
  4. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms#Engineering
  5. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fortification_(architectural_elements)
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