Zh-hant:道路
 圖徵 : Zh-hant:道路
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| 說明 |
| highway=*用於道路、路徑、自行車道或其他陸上可辨識的路線。 |
| 標籤 |
開放街圖中的道路是連接各地的陸上公路、路網、路徑、通道等，經過路面鋪裝或其他允許行人、自行車騎士或機動車輛等通行的改善措施（不含鐵路，詳情請參見Railways）。
注解：在北美或澳洲英語中，highway 常指主要道路，如控制出入的高速公路或主要幹道。請注意不要與其混淆，開放街圖中採用英式英語的意涵。
術語
世界各地的道路使用不同詞彙進行分類，開放街圖嘗試運用單一分類系統適用所有地方的情形。起因是開放街圖使用的詞彙屬英式英語，導致美國的洲際高速公路（interstate highway）與德國的高速公路（Autobahn）被標記為英式英語的同義詞「motorway」。Highway tag usage提供如何分辨各地道路分類的資訊，Highway:International equivalence提供各國的繪製指南。
道路分類
- See also Highway:International equivalence, Recommended Tagging Scheme By Country, OSM tags for routing/Access-Restrictions
Roads and tracks
The value of the highway tag should be applied without regard to network and route systems. In many countries a particular section of road may be part of many different routes in the same or different route networks, and a particular route may have sections with different attributes and therefore different highway tags. Refer to country specific guides for tagging routes and networks.
Most roads should be tagged with highway=unclassified. If a road has residences along both sides, it should be tagged highway=residential. Significant through roads should be tagged as highway=tertiary (Significance is subjective, and will vary with location). Service roads (roads which exist to provide access for trash collection or parking, and campground roads) should be tagged with highway=service. Other unimproved roads capable of use by 4 wheel vehicles should be tagged with highway=track. Roads for which the classification is not known should be temporarily tagged with highway=road until they are properly surveyed.
Pedestrianised routes, paths and cycle tracks
While some highway tags like cycleway and bridleway imply a particular kind of traffic other tags should be used to designate what traffic is legally allowed or may be appropriate. Use access=* to provide more information. Pedestrianized roads (roads which have been converted to pedestrian walkways either by physical barriers or by signage) should be tagged with highway=pedestrian. Additional tags can be used for cycle routes or trails.
Further tagging
The following tags are all optional – please do not be intimidated as they are very rarely all populated by the initial mapper. If you are mapping a new area the you may wish to limit yourself to capturing the road geometry, junctions, the road classification and road names. You, or someone else may later add additional information.
Proposed roads and roads under construction
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This topic was covered at Comparison of life cycle concepts#<key> = <status> + <status> = <value>. See also construction=*.
Names and references
Use the name=* and/or the ref=* for each section of the road (way) which has a name or reference. If a stretch of highway has multiple reference numbers, they should be semicolon-delimited. (examples: ref=I 39;US 51, ref=US 51;WI 54). If a road has two names, the less common one can be put in alt_name=*; in addition, where a road is now much more generally known by its reference (for example the 'A1' in the UK), but that it also has a current legal name for historical reasons if it probably better to leave the name field blank and put the name in alt_name which means that it is much less likely to be rendered. A previous name which is no longer used but may be of interest for historical mapping can be put in old_name=*.
Speed limits and other restrictions
maxspeed=*, maxheight=*, maxwidth=* and maxweight=* can be used to add detail about a road. Maxspeed generally applies to all public roads. Maxheight and maxwidth often apply to a road going under a bridge and maxweight to a road going over a bridge. Note that each tag should be associated with the way to which the restriction applies and can either be attached to the way itself or to a node along the way.
Use foot=no would be used if pedestrians are not allowed and bicycle=no if bicycles are not allowed. If only buses are allowed then access=no together with bus=yes would be appropriate. The hov=* tag can be used to indicate the minimum number of people required in a vehicle to use the facility. See the access article for a much more detailed description of how o describe other restrictions relating to use of the road or path.
Surface, width and lighting
The surface=* tag can be used to identify the surface covering of the carriageway. For unpaved roads the relative quality of road, and in particular tracks can be indicated by the tracktype=* tag, with values ranging from grade1 (the best) to grade5 (the worst). width=* tag may be used to indicate the width of the carriageway in meters. The traffic_calming=* tag can be used to indicate either that a section of road is traffic-calmed or the position of an actual feature. This is normally only used for narrow roads. If the road is lit then it is useful to add lit=yes and lit=no if not. For the most detail one can add individual lamp posts using highway=street_lamp.
Parking
Parking parallel or perpendicular to the street can be mapped with parking:lane=* and parking:condition=*.
Lanes
Number of lanes
- 主條目：Key:lanes
The number of lanes available to general motorised traffic should be given using lanes=*. For a detailed description of what kind of lanes should be counted see the main article. If the number of lanes is not equal in each direction for a two way road then use lanes:forward=* or lanes:backward=* to indicate the number of lanes in one of the directions in addition to the total number of lanes. The key lanes:forward=* hereby refers to lanes which direction is equal to the direction of the OSM way, and lanes:backward=* to the opposite direction.
For lanes available only to public service vehicles such as buses (or taxi) in one direction use lanes:bus:forward=1, lanes:taxi:backward=1 or similar.
Layout and individual properties of lanes
- 主條目：Lanes
The properties of individual lanes can be tagged with the lanes suffix to any other meaningful key. For example maxspeed=80 means a speed limit of 80 km/h on all lanes, while maxspeed:lanes=100|80 means a speed limit of 100 km/h on the left lane and 80 km/h on the right lane.
Turning lanes can be indicated with the tag turn:lanes=*, for example turn:lanes=left;through|right
Cycle lanes and tracks
The tag cycleway=* can be used to describe any cycle lanes constructed within the carriageway or cycle tracks running parallel to the carriageway.
Side walks
sidewalk=* is used to give information about footways (also called pavements/sidewalks) which may, or may not be associated with the highway.
Crossing points and barriers
crossing=* can be used to indicate a place where there facilities are provided to assist people crossing the road. The tag should be added to a node at a suitable point along the road, with crossing=* being available to describe the type of crossing using one of the following values: traffic_signals, uncontrolled, island or unmarked. Additionally, the foot=*, bicycle=*, horse=* tags can be used to indicate which modes can legally use the crossing. The supervised=yes tag can be used to indicate that the crossing is supervised at busy times.
Where usage of a highway is restricted by some physical barrier this can be indicated by the addition of a node tagged with barrier=* with a suitable value (for example: border_control, cycle_barrier, cattle_grid, gate, bollard, stile, toll_booth or turnstile). An access=* tag can be added to provide information about which modes of transport are affected by the barrier. For a toll-booth the fee=* tag can be used for provide more information.
Where a railway crosses a road at grade use railway=level_crossing, and railway=crossing for where a path crosses a railway. For a place where a river or stream crosses a road or path without a bridge use ford=*. For a narrow watercourse indicated using a single way then a node should be used. If the river is wide then the 'ford' tag should be applied to a way spanning the full length of the road as it crosses the river between the waterway=riverbanks.
Buses and trams
Bus stops along the route should be tagged with highway=bus_stop or using the newer public_transport=platform which should be positioned to the side of the carriageway where passengers wait. A tram running within the main carriageway should be tagged with railway=tram on the same way as the road. If the tram runs into a separate right-of-way to the side of the carriageway or within the central reservation then create a separate way also tagged using railway=tram.
橋樑與隧道
Bridges and tunnels should be indicated by splitting the way where the bridge begins and ends, and marking the middle way as bridge=yes/viaduct or tunnel=yes. There is some debate about how to name bridges and tunnels along a road in places where the name of the bridge/tunnel is different from the road. One approach is to use the proposed Bridge/tunnel relation and include the name of the bridge within that relation.
The layer=* tag should generally be used on one of the ways that cross using a bridge or tunnel. A bridge will commonly be tagged with layer=1 and a tunnel with layer=-1 although where the junction is more complex more layers are required. Where a road is above or lower than ground level a section may be tagged with embankment=* or cutting=*.
行車道（Carriageways）
A Carriageway (Am.: roadway) consists of a width of road on which a vehicle is not restricted by any physical barriers or separation to move laterally.
- A road consisting of one carriageway (bidirectional or one-way) is mapped using a linear OSM-way.
- A road consisting of more than one carriageway is mapped using a separate OSM-way for each of these carriageways. Typically these are one-ways.
Junctions
- 主條目：Junctions
A simple junction between a number of roads can be formed using a shared node. If the junction has traffic signals tag the node with highway=traffic_signals. Mini-roundabouts, indicated by paint on the road, are described as a node tagged with highway=mini_roundabout. Larger roundabouts which probably have grass or planting in the middle as described as a circular way tagged with junction=roundabout. A roundabout on a major road may include bridges and should therefore be split into a number of ways, with each element tagged with junction=roundabout. Larger interchanges are normally constructed using multiple highway elements and appropriate associated bridge and layer tags.
Turn restrictions
Some junctions have turn restrictions which need to be modeled for routing services to operate correctly.
提議
- area:highway: Proposal for mapping streets as areas
- highway=junction: Proposal for mapping the extent of junctions
延伸閱讀
- Highway tagging samples/urban
- Highway tagging samples/out of town
- Statistics about tagged roads (length for each country with history, possibility to display info about specific road class)
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