Pt:Buildings

Feature: Pt:Buildings

Descrição

Usado para descrever diversos tipos de edificações, incluindo casas, fábricas e edifícios em ruínas.

Etiquetas

building=*
height=*
building:levels=*
roof:levels=*
name=*
entrance=*

A definição de "edifício" não é simples. A definição do OpenStreetMap é bastante ampla e inclui não apenas objetos considerados edifícios em definições estritas, mas também building=static_caravan, building=houseboat e pode incluir pelo menos alguns building=storage_tank. Também não há uma definição clara de quando algo é building=tower ou man_made=tower (veja a discussão).

Marcação (Tagging)

Um único contorno de edifício deve ser criado para cada construção, podendo representar uma propriedade isolada ou uma fileira de casas geminadas. No entanto, no caso de casas geminadas, é melhor criar uma série de contornos conectados que compartilham alguns nós na fronteira para identificar cada edifício individual.

Além disso, os contornos podem ser formas simplificadas ou muito detalhadas que correspondem com precisão ao formato do edifício. Não é incomum que edifícios sejam inicialmente mapeados como contornos simples de grupo, e depois aprimorados com mais detalhes e divididos em propriedades individuais.

O uso mais básico da tag é building=yes, que significa qualquer tipo de edifício, ou você pode usar um valor que descreva a tipologia, como building=house, building=hut, building=garage, building=school. Veja building=* para uma lista mais completa de opções, veja o que é realmente utilizado e sinta-se à vontade para criar novos valores que se encaixem no esquema existente. Observe que as tags de building referem-se sempre ao edifício em si, não ao uso atual ou ao usuário do edifício. Isso permite representar situações mais complexas, como uma igreja em um prédio residencial (building=apartments) ou um apartamento em um edifício originalmente construído como igreja (building=church).

Para adicionar endereços, veja addr=*.

Entradas de edifícios podem ser marcadas em nós no contorno do edifício com entrance=* e possivelmente access=*. Uma entrada pode ser conectada à descrição do caminho de acesso com highway=footway e highway=steps, etc. Em alguns casos, entradas podem ter endereços postais próprios.

Uso relevante

Existem estruturas marcadas como edifícios que não possuem fundação ou são móveis. Por exemplo, muitos mapeadores usam a chave building=* para descrever objetos móveis, como building=static_caravan, building=houseboat ou trailers. Enquanto houseboats (geralmente autopropelidos), navios (como navios-museu ou teatros flutuantes) ou docas podem ser movidos ocasionalmente, também existem building=floating_home que são construídos sobre estruturas flutuantes e não se movem. Alguns mapeadores também utilizam floating=yes para indicar essa característica.

Diferente do ideal de mapear o contorno do edifício no solo, muitos objetos com building=* incluem partes construídas sobre pilares, cobrindo apenas áreas. building=roof e building=bridge descrevem estruturas que, exceto pelos pilares, não possuem contorno no solo. O mesmo se aplica a edifícios subterrâneos como building=cellar ou aqueles marcados com location=underground.

Não mapeie para o renderizador

Para mais detalhe sobre este tópico, veja Tagging for the renderer.

Alguns mapeadores tentam modificar os dados do OSM para influenciar a renderização (por exemplo, pelo OSM Carto), reinterpretando criativamente algumas tags existentes.

Por favor, mapeie todos os atributos o mais próximo possível da realidade com os dados disponíveis. Utilize as descrições das tags nas páginas da wiki. Use valores existentes conforme definidos e escolha o par chave/valor mais adequado. Se não houver uma tag apropriada, procure por tags já utilizadas no taginfo. Se ainda assim não for suficiente, considere criar uma nova tag e documentá-la na wiki.

Exemplos negativos relacionados a edifícios:

uso de amenity=* inexistente para destacar o edifício na renderização
modificar/remover tags por insatisfação (ex: café/restaurante)
separar partes do edifício como objetos distintos apenas para melhorar a renderização
deletar/mover objetos para ajustar a posição de ícones
marcar estátuas, pilares de ponte, lápides ou bases como edifícios apenas para torná-los visíveis no mapa

Essas práticas prejudicam o OSM e são desnecessárias, pois normalmente afetam apenas um renderizador específico.

Se houver erros relevantes de renderização com dados corretos, entre em contato com os desenvolvedores dos renderizadores.

Como mapear

Veja Modelagem de edifícios para diferentes abordagens ao traçar imagens aéreas.

Se o edifício tiver um pátio interno (courtyard), utilize uma relação multipolygon para garantir que o pátio não seja renderizado como parte do edifício.

Considere adicionar nós de endereço aos edifícios com tags no namespace addr:*=*:

entrance=yes (se souber onde fica a entrada)

addr:street=*

addr:housenumber=*

addr:postcode=*

addr:city=*

addr:country=*

(mais detalhes em key:addr)

OSM Inspector também pode ajudar na verificação dessas tags.

No JOSM

Como muitos edifícios são retangulares, você pode desenhar um retângulo aproximado e usar a tecla Q para ortogonalizar. Isso ajusta os ângulos para 90°. Atenção: nem todos os edifícios são ortogonais.

 ** Se você alterou a projeção padrão no JOSM, use uma projeção conforme (como Mercator) para evitar distorções.

JOSM/Plugins/BuildingsTools facilita o mapeamento (atalho B).
JOSM/Plugins/Terracer ajuda a mapear rapidamente casas geminadas.

No Potlatch

No Potlatch, você pode mapear vários edifícios rapidamente traçando com o mouse e pressionando 'R' para repetir as propriedades do edifício anterior.

Algumas formas de obter o contorno do edifício

Imagens aéreas (ex: Bing)
Observações em campo, esboços ou medições
Caminhar ao redor com GPS (melhor para edifícios grandes)
Cadastro francês

3D

Use Simple 3D buildings para modelagem compatível com ferramentas existentes.

Indoor

Use Simple Indoor Tagging para mapear interiores.

Propostas

Ativas

Simple 3D Buildings V1

Inativas

Exemplos

Vários edifícios ao redor de um pequeno parque

aqui na Bolívia

Renderização atual de um edifício

Valores

Building

This is used to identify individual buildings or groups of connected buildings. See the page Buildings for further details on the usage of this tag and man_made=* for tagging of various other structures. The building tags are intended for the physical description of a building. For functions in the building (e.g. police station, church, townhall, museum) you should add object with tags like amenity=*, tourism=*, shop=* etc must exist.

For example mapping building=supermarket is not enough to mark place as having an active supermarket shop, it just marks that building has form typical for supermarket buildings. shop=supermarket must be mapped to indicate an active supermarket shop. On the other hand shop=*/amenity=* is not indicating building by itself, building must be mapped with building=* tag.

Key	Value	Comment
Accommodation
building	apartments	A building arranged into individual dwellings, often on separate floors. May also have retail outlets on the ground floor.
building	barracks	Buildings built to house military personnel or laborers.
building	bungalow	A single-storey detached small house, Dacha.
building	cabin	A cabin is a small, roughly built house usually with a wood exterior and typically found in rural areas.
building	detached	A detached house, a free-standing residential building usually housing a single family.
building	annexe	An annexe is a small self contained apartments, collages, or small residential building on the same property as the main residential unit.
building	dormitory	A shared building intended for college/university students (not a share room for multiple occupants as implied by the term in British English). Alternatively, use building=residential plus `residential=university` and loose the information that it is for students.
building	farm	A residential building on a farm (farmhouse). For other buildings see below `building=farm_auxiliary`, `building=barn`, … If in your country farmhouse looks same as general residential house then you can tag as `building=house` as well. See also `landuse=farmyard` for the surrounding area
building	ger	A permanent or seasonal round yurt or ger.
building	hotel	A building designed with separate rooms available for overnight accommodation. Normally used in conjunction with `tourism=hotel` for the hotel grounds including recreation areas and parking.
building	house	A dwelling unit inhabited by a single household (a family or small group sharing facilities such as a kitchen). Houses forming half of a semi-detached pair, or one of a row of terraced houses, should share at least two nodes with joined neighbours, thereby defining the party wall between the properties.
building	houseboat	A boat used primarily as a home
building	residential	A general tag for a building used primarily for residential purposes. Where additional detail is available consider using 'apartments', 'terrace', 'house', 'detached' or 'semidetached_house'.
building	semidetached_house	A residential house that shares a common wall with another on one side. Typically called a "duplex" in American English.
building	static_caravan	A mobile home (semi)permanently left on a single site
building	stilt_house	A building raised on piles over the surface of the soil or a body of water
building	terrace	A single way used to define the outline of a linear row of residential dwellings, each of which normally has its own entrance, which form a terrace ("row-house" or "townhouse" in North American English). Consider defining each dwelling separately using 'house'.
building	tree_house	An accommodation, often designed as a small hut, sometimes also as a room or small apartment. Built on tree posts or on a natural tree. A tree house has no contact with the ground. Access via ladders, stairs or bridgeways.
building	trullo	A stone hut with a conical roof.
Commercial
building	commercial	A building for non-specific commercial activities, not necessarily an office building. Consider tagging the surrounding area using `landuse=commercial` if there is such use. Use 'retail' if the building consists primarily of shops.
building	industrial	A building for industrial purposes. Use warehouse if the purpose is known to be primarily for storage/distribution. Consider using `landuse=industrial` for the surrounding area and appropriate tags like `man_made=works` to describe the industrial activity.
building	kiosk	A small one-room retail building.
building	office	An office building. Use `office=*` where applicable for the business(es) that use the building. Consider tagging the surrounding area using `landuse=commercial` if it applies. Prefer `landuse=retail` if the building consists primarily of shops.
building	retail	A building primarily used for selling goods that are sold to the public; use `shop=` to identify the sort of goods sold or an appropriate `amenity=` (pub, cafe, restaurant, etc.). Consider use `landuse=retail` for the surrounding area.
building	supermarket	A building constructed to house a self-service large-area store.
building	warehouse	A building primarily intended for the storage or goods or as part of a distribution system.
Religious
building	religious	Unspecific building related to religion. Prefer more specific values if possible.
building	cathedral	A building that was built as a cathedral. Used in conjunction with `amenity=place_of_worship`, `religion=`, `denomination=` and `landuse=religious` for the cathedral grounds where it is in current use.
building	chapel	A building that was built as a chapel. Used in conjunction with `amenity=place_of_worship`, `religion=`, `denomination=` and `landuse=religious` for the chapel grounds where it is in current use.
building	church	A building that was built as a church. Used in conjunction with `amenity=place_of_worship`, `religion=` , `denomination=` and `landuse=religious` for the church grounds where it is in current use.
building	kingdom_hall	A building that was built as a Kingdom Hall. Often used in conjunction with `amenity=place_of_worship`, `religion=christian`, `denomination=jehovahs_witness` and `landuse=religious` for the grounds where it is in current use.
building	monastery	A building constructed as monastery. Often, monasteries consist of several distinct buildings with specific functions. For active monasteries (communities), use `amenity=monastery`, for the grounds of a former monastery, have a look at `historic=monastery`
building	mosque	A building errected as mosque. Used in conjunction with `amenity=place_of_worship`, `religion=`, `denomination=` and `landuse=religious` for the grounds where it is in current use.
building	presbytery	A building where priests live and work.
building	shrine	A building that was built as a shrine. Used in conjunction with `amenity=place_of_worship`, `religion=`, `denomination=` and `landuse=religious` for the grounds where it is in current use. Small structures should consider `historic=wayside_shrine`.
building	synagogue	A building that was built as a synagogue. Used in conjunction with `amenity=place_of_worship`, `religion=`, `denomination=` and `landuse=religious` for the grounds where it is in current use.
building	temple	A building that was built as a temple. Used in conjunction with `amenity=place_of_worship`, `religion=`, `denomination=` and `landuse=religious` for the grounds where it is in current use.
Civic/amenity
building	bakehouse	A building that was built as a bakehouse (i.e. for baking bread). Often used in conjunction with another node `amenity=baking_oven` and `oven=wood_fired`.
building	bridge	A building used as a bridge (skyway). To map a gatehouse use `building=gatehouse`. See also `bridge=yes` for `highway=`. Don't use this tag just for marking bridges (their outlines). For such purposes use `man_made=bridge`*.
building	civic	A generic tag for a building created to house some civic amenity, for example `amenity=community_centre`, `amenity=library`, `amenity=toilets`, `leisure=sports_centre`, `leisure=swimming_pool`, `amenity=townhall` etc. Use `amenity=` or `leisure=` etc. to provide further details. See `building=public` and more specific tags like `building=library` as well.
building	clock_tower	Clock towers are very high towers, visible from its surroundings, usually in central parts of town and squares, housing a turret clock with one or more clock faces, most often four. They are freestanding structures but can also be adjoined or located on top of another building.
building	college	A college building. Use `amenity=college` on the whole college area to represent the college as an institution.
building	fire_station	A building constructed as fire station, i.e. to house fire fighting equipment and officers, regardless of current use. Add `amenity=fire_station` on the grounds for an active fire station.
building	government	For government buildings in general, including municipal, provincial and divisional secretaries, government agencies and departments, town halls, (regional) parliaments and court houses.
building	gatehouse	An entry control point building, spanning over a highway that enters a city or compound.
building	hospital	A building errected for a hospital. Use `amenity=hospital` for the hospital grounds.
building	kindergarten	For any generic kindergarten buildings. Buildings for specific uses (sports halls etc.) should be tagged for their purpose. If there is currently a kindergarten in the building, use `amenity=kindergarten` on the perimeter of the kindergarten grounds.
building	museum	A building which was designed as a museum.
building	public	A building constructed as accessible to the general public (a town hall, police station, court house, etc.).
building	school	A building errected as school. Buildings for specific uses (sports halls etc.) should be tagged for their purpose. If there is currently a school, use `amenity=school` on the perimeter of the school grounds.
building	toilets	A toilet block.
building	train_station	A building constructed to be a train station building, including buildings that are abandoned and used nowadays for a different purpose.
building	transportation	A building related to public transport. You will probably want to tag it with proper transport related tag as well, such as `public_transport=station`. Note that there is a special tag for train station buildings - `building=train_station`.
building	university	A university building. Use `amenity=university` for the university as an institution.
Agricultural/plant production
building	barn	An agricultural building that can be used for storage and as a covered workplace.
building	conservatory	A building or room having glass or tarpaulin roofing and walls used as an indoor garden or a sunroom (winter garden).
building	cowshed	A cowshed (cow barn, cow house) is a building for housing cows, usually found on farms.
building	farm_auxiliary	A building on a farm that is not a dwelling (use 'farm' or 'house' for the farm house).
building	greenhouse	A greenhouse is a glass or plastic covered building used to grow plants. Use `landuse=greenhouse_horticulture` for an area containing multiple greenhouses
building	slurry_tank	A circular building built to hold a liquid mix of primarily animal excreta (also known as slurry).
building	stable	A building constructed as a stable for horses.
building	sty	A sty (pigsty, pig ark, pig-shed) is a building for raising domestic pigs, usually found on farms.
building	livestock	A building for housing/rising other livestock (apart from cows, horses or pigs covered above), or when the livestock changes.
Sports
building	grandstand	The main stand, usually roofed, commanding the best view for spectators at racecourses or sports grounds.
building	pavilion	A sports pavilion usually with changing rooms, storage areas and possibly an space for functions & events. Avoid using this term for other structures called pavilions by architects (see Pavilion)
building	riding_hall	A building that was built as a riding hall.
building	sports_hall	A building that was built as a sports hall.
building	sports_centre	A building that was built as a sports centre.
building	stadium	A building constructed to be a stadium building, including buildings that are abandoned and used nowadays for a different purpose.
Storage
building	allotment_house	A small outbuilding for short visits in a allotment garden.
building	boathouse	A boathouse is a building used for the storage of boats.
building	hangar	A hangar is a building used for the storage of airplanes, helicopters or space-craft. Consider adding `aeroway=hangar`, when appropriate.
building	hut	A hut is a small and crude shelter. Note that this word has two meanings - it may be synonym of `building=shed`, it may be a residential building of low quality.
building	shed	A shed is a simple, single-storey structure that is used for storage, hobbies, or as a workshop.
Cars
building	carport	A carport is a covered structure used to offer limited protection to vehicles, primarily cars, from the elements. Unlike most structures a carport does not have four walls, and usually has one or two.
building	garage	A garage is a building suitable for the storage of one or possibly more motor vehicle or similar. See `building=garages` for larger shared buildings. For an aircraft garage, see `building=hangar`.
building	garages	A building that consists of a number of discrete storage spaces for different owners/tenants. See also `building=garage`.
building	parking	Structure purpose-built for parking cars.
Power/technical buildings
building	digester	A digester is a bioreactor for the production of biogas from biomass.
building	service	Service building usually is a small unmanned building with certain machinery (like pumps or transformers).
building	tech_cab	Esta página ou parte da página contém informação controversa, questionada ou contestada. Ver a página de discussão para mais informações. Overlaps with predominate `building=service` + `building:prefabricated=yes` Small prefabricated cabin structures for the air-conditioned accommodation of different technology.
building	transformer_tower	A transformer tower is a characteristic tall building comprising a distribution transformer and constructed to connect directly to a medium voltage overhead power line. Quite often the power line has since been undergrounded but the building may still serve as a substation. If the building is still in use as a substation it should additionally be tagged as `power=substation` + `substation=minor_distribution`.
building	water_tower	A water tower.
building	storage_tank	Storage tanks are containers that hold liquids
building	silo	A silo is a building for storing bulk materials
Other buildings
building	beach_hut	A small, usually wooden, and often brightly coloured cabin or shelter above the high tide mark on popular bathing beaches.
building	bunker	A hardened military building. Also use `military=bunker`.
building	castle	A building constructed as a castle. Can be further specified with `historic=castle` + `castle_type=*`.
building	construction	Used for buildings under construction. Use `construction=*` to hold the value for the completed building.
building	container	For a container used as a permanent building. Do not map containers placed temporarily, for example used in shipping or construction.
building	guardhouse	Poste de garde.
building	military	A military building. Also use `military=*`.
building	outbuilding	A less important building near to and on the same piece of land as a larger building.
building	pagoda	A building constructed as a pagoda.
building	quonset_hut	A lightweight prefabricated structure in the shape of a semicircle.
building	roof	A structure that consists of a roof with open sides, such as a rain shelter, and also gas stations
building	ruins	Frequently used for a house or other building that is abandoned and in poor repair. However, some believe this usage is incorrect, and the tag should only be used for buildings constructed as fake ruins (for example sham ruins in an English landscape garden). See also lifecycle tagging.
building	ship	A decommissioned ship/submarine which stays in one place.
building	tent	For a permanently placed tent. Do not map tents placed temporarily.
building	tower	A tower-building. Best combined with `tower:type=*`. See also `man_made=tower` for a tag with a similar definition.
building	triumphal_arch	A free-standing monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one or more arched passageways.
building	windmill	A building constructed as a traditional windmill, historically used to mill grain with wind power.
building	yes	Use this value where it is not possible to determine a more specific value.
building	user defined	All commonly used values according to Taginfo, generally building types

Additional attributes

Key	Value	Comment
building:architecture	<architectural style>	Architectural style of a building
building:colour	<RGB hex triplet> \| <W3C colour name>	Indicates colour of the building
building:fireproof	yes \| no	Fire-resistance information.
building:flats	<number>	The number of residential units (flats, apartments) in an apartment building (building=apartments), residential building (building=residential), house (building=house), detached house (building=detached) or similar building.
building:levels	<number>	The number of visible levels (floors) in the building as used in the Simple 3D buildings scheme
building:material	<material type>	Outer material for the building façade
building:min_level	<number>	For describing number of values, "filling" space between ground level and bottom level of building or part of building
building:part	As building	To mark a part of a building, which has attributes, different from such ones at other parts
building:soft_storey	yes \| no \| reinforced	A building where any one level is significantly more flexible (less stiff) than those above and below it
construction_date	<date>	The (approximated) date when the building was finished.
entrance	yes \| main \| exit \| service \| emergency	An entrance in a building. Replaces the deprecated tag `building=entrance`.
height	<number>	The height of the building in meters.
max_level	<number>	Maximum indoor level (floor) in the building as used in the Simple Indoor Tagging scheme
min_level	<number>	Minimum indoor level (floor) in the building as used in the Simple Indoor Tagging scheme
non_existent_levels	<number>	List of indoor levels (floors) that do not exists in the building as used in the Simple Indoor Tagging scheme
start_date	<date>	The (approximated) date when the building was finished.

This table is a wiki template with a default description in English. Editable here.

Mapeamento de Pontos de Interesse (POIs)

Observe que building=* não indica o que existe dentro do edifício. Por exemplo, building=retail pode não ter lojas — pode estar abandonado (abandoned=yes) ou usado como depósito.

Para mapear lojas, use shop=*. Para edifícios com um único POI, é comum usar o mesmo objeto. Mas também é possível mapear separadamente.

Veja também

== Notas e referências ==

Pt:Buildings

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